Prevalence and genetic diversity of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in nonhuman primates in Northern and Central China

BACKGROUND: Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common enteric pathogen reported in human and many animals. But there are few reports of E. bieneusi in nonhuman primates (NHPs). The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and molecular characterization of E. bieneusi in NHPs from Northern and Central China. RESULTS: A total of 299 specimens of NHPs were collected. The overall prevalence rate of E. bieneusi was 9.4% (28/299) in NHPs by ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) amplification, including 10.0% (16/160) in captive NHPs and 8.6% (12/139) in wild NHPs. In captive NHPs, the infection rate was 9.1% in male, 11.5% in female. Infection rate in juvenile ITS (6.7%) was higher than in the adult ITS (5.6%). In different regions, infection rate in Hubei (14.7%) was higher than in Henan (7.6%) and Beijing (7.9%). Five genotypes were found, including 4 known genotypes (D, HND-Ⅰ, EbpC, SHW2) and a novel genotype named NHP1. Genotype D (8/28) and NHP1 (8/28) were the most prevalent, followed by EbpC (6/28), SHW2 (4/28), and HND-Ⅰ (2/28). All the 5 genotypes belonged to zoonotic Group1. CONCLUSION: These findings could deepen our understanding of E. bieneusi prevalence and genotype distribution in NHPs in China. Our study shows that NHPs may be the reservoir of zoonotic E. bieneusi and might present a potential serious threat.