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In vivo assessment of the antimalarial activity and acute oral toxicity of an ethanolic seed extract of Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz
BACKGROUND: In response to the persistent problem of malaria resistance, medicinal herbal plants can be used as a source of potential novel antimalarial agents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo antimalarial activity and toxicity of an ethanolic seed extract of Spondias pi...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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BioMed Central
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8928678/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35296314 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-022-03546-9 |
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author | Chaniad, Prapaporn Phuwajaroanpong, Arisara Plirat, Walaiporn Techarang, Tachpon Chukaew, Arnon Punsawad, Chuchard |
author_facet | Chaniad, Prapaporn Phuwajaroanpong, Arisara Plirat, Walaiporn Techarang, Tachpon Chukaew, Arnon Punsawad, Chuchard |
author_sort | Chaniad, Prapaporn |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: In response to the persistent problem of malaria resistance, medicinal herbal plants can be used as a source of potential novel antimalarial agents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo antimalarial activity and toxicity of an ethanolic seed extract of Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz (S. pinnata). METHODS: Qualitative phytochemical screening of the extract was performed using standard procedures, and the constituents were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The in vivo antimalarial activity was assessed against the Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain in mice based on 4-day suppressive, curative and prophylactic tests. In addition, the acute toxicity of the extract was evaluated after oral administration of a single dose of 2,000 mg/kg body weight. RESULTS: Phytochemical screening tests on the ethanolic S. pinnata seed extract revealed the presence of terpenoids, tannins, and coumarins. GC–MS analysis of the extract led to the identification of twenty-nine phytochemical compounds, including oleic acid amide, β-sitosterol, linoleic acid, oleic acid, protocatechuic acid, syringic acid and gallic acid. The results of the 4-day suppressive test revealed that mice treated with 250, 500, 600 and 800 mg/kg doses of the ethanolic S. pinnata seed extract showed significant parasitemia suppression in a dose-dependent manner, with 22.94, 49.01, 60.67 and 66.82% suppression, respectively, compared to that of the negative control group. All the doses of the ethanolic seed extract significantly suppressed parasitemia (P < 0.05) during the curative activity test and prolonged the mean survival time compared to those of the negative control group. However, the ethanolic seed extract displayed lower curative and prophylactic activities than the standard drug artesunate. In addition, the ethanolic seed extract showed no signs of toxicity in mice at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg body weight. CONCLUSION: The S. pinnata seed extract contains various phytochemical compounds with important medicinal properties. The extract showed a significant suppression of parasitemia in a dose-dependent manner, prolonged the mean survival time and exhibited significant curative and prophylactic activities. The overall results of this study demonstrated that the S. pinnata seed extract possessed promising in vivo antimalarial activity against P. berghei ANKA, with no toxicity. The findings from the present study provide scientific evidence supporting the use of S. pinnata seeds in the development of new drugs for malaria treatment. Additional studies are needed to isolate and identify the active compounds as well as to understand the mechanism of inhibition. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8928678 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-89286782022-03-23 In vivo assessment of the antimalarial activity and acute oral toxicity of an ethanolic seed extract of Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz Chaniad, Prapaporn Phuwajaroanpong, Arisara Plirat, Walaiporn Techarang, Tachpon Chukaew, Arnon Punsawad, Chuchard BMC Complement Med Ther Research BACKGROUND: In response to the persistent problem of malaria resistance, medicinal herbal plants can be used as a source of potential novel antimalarial agents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo antimalarial activity and toxicity of an ethanolic seed extract of Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz (S. pinnata). METHODS: Qualitative phytochemical screening of the extract was performed using standard procedures, and the constituents were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The in vivo antimalarial activity was assessed against the Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain in mice based on 4-day suppressive, curative and prophylactic tests. In addition, the acute toxicity of the extract was evaluated after oral administration of a single dose of 2,000 mg/kg body weight. RESULTS: Phytochemical screening tests on the ethanolic S. pinnata seed extract revealed the presence of terpenoids, tannins, and coumarins. GC–MS analysis of the extract led to the identification of twenty-nine phytochemical compounds, including oleic acid amide, β-sitosterol, linoleic acid, oleic acid, protocatechuic acid, syringic acid and gallic acid. The results of the 4-day suppressive test revealed that mice treated with 250, 500, 600 and 800 mg/kg doses of the ethanolic S. pinnata seed extract showed significant parasitemia suppression in a dose-dependent manner, with 22.94, 49.01, 60.67 and 66.82% suppression, respectively, compared to that of the negative control group. All the doses of the ethanolic seed extract significantly suppressed parasitemia (P < 0.05) during the curative activity test and prolonged the mean survival time compared to those of the negative control group. However, the ethanolic seed extract displayed lower curative and prophylactic activities than the standard drug artesunate. In addition, the ethanolic seed extract showed no signs of toxicity in mice at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg body weight. CONCLUSION: The S. pinnata seed extract contains various phytochemical compounds with important medicinal properties. The extract showed a significant suppression of parasitemia in a dose-dependent manner, prolonged the mean survival time and exhibited significant curative and prophylactic activities. The overall results of this study demonstrated that the S. pinnata seed extract possessed promising in vivo antimalarial activity against P. berghei ANKA, with no toxicity. The findings from the present study provide scientific evidence supporting the use of S. pinnata seeds in the development of new drugs for malaria treatment. Additional studies are needed to isolate and identify the active compounds as well as to understand the mechanism of inhibition. BioMed Central 2022-03-16 /pmc/articles/PMC8928678/ /pubmed/35296314 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-022-03546-9 Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Chaniad, Prapaporn Phuwajaroanpong, Arisara Plirat, Walaiporn Techarang, Tachpon Chukaew, Arnon Punsawad, Chuchard In vivo assessment of the antimalarial activity and acute oral toxicity of an ethanolic seed extract of Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz |
title | In vivo assessment of the antimalarial activity and acute oral toxicity of an ethanolic seed extract of Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz |
title_full | In vivo assessment of the antimalarial activity and acute oral toxicity of an ethanolic seed extract of Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz |
title_fullStr | In vivo assessment of the antimalarial activity and acute oral toxicity of an ethanolic seed extract of Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz |
title_full_unstemmed | In vivo assessment of the antimalarial activity and acute oral toxicity of an ethanolic seed extract of Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz |
title_short | In vivo assessment of the antimalarial activity and acute oral toxicity of an ethanolic seed extract of Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz |
title_sort | in vivo assessment of the antimalarial activity and acute oral toxicity of an ethanolic seed extract of spondias pinnata (l.f.) kurz |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8928678/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35296314 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-022-03546-9 |
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