Anionic Species Regulate Chemical Storage in Nanometer Vesicles and Amperometrically Detected Exocytotic Dynamics

[Image: see text] Hofmeister effects have often been ignored in living organisms, although they affect the activity and functions of biological molecules. Herein, amperometry has been applied to show that the vesicular content, dynamics of exocytosis and vesicles opening, depend on the anionic species treatment. Compared to 100 μM Cl(–) treated chromaffin cells, a similar number of catecholamine molecules is released after chaotropic anions (ClO(4)(–) and SCN(–)) treatment, even though the vesicular catecholamine content significantly increases, suggesting a lower release fraction. In addition, there are opposite effects on the dynamics of vesicles release (shorter duration) and vesicle opening (longer duration) for chaotropic anions treated cells. Our results show anion-dependent vesicle release, vesicle opening, and vesicular content, providing understanding of the pharmacological and pathological processes induced by inorganic ions.