One changing and challenging scenario: the treatment of cancer patients with bone metastases by bisphosphonates and denosumab, the cost–benefit evaluation of different options, and the risk of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ)

Antiresorptive drugs (bisphosphonates and denosumab) have become the cornerstone of medical supportive treatment of bone metastases in solid cancer patients. In the beginning, the choice of available antiresorptive agents was limited to bisphosphonates and the treatment options restricted principally to monthly pamidronate and monthly zoledronic acid. Introduction of new antiresorptive therapies (monthly denosumab) and schedules (zoledronic acid every 3 months, upfront or after initial period of monthly infusion) in the last decade increased the range of available options, thus challenging treatment decision making. Direct and indirect costs of very different treatment options are difficult to interpret in a global cost–benefit analysis. In addition, awareness of the increased risk of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) in bone metastatic cancer patients receiving long-term antiresorptive medications is likely to influence therapy choice in the real-life scenario. We discuss the possible threat of MRONJ risk underestimation and the need for long-term risk stratification of patients based on actuarial data, the role of bisphosphonates and denosumab in that scenario, and the emerging role of surgical therapy to successfully cure MRONJ, in the light of the improved quality of life and survival of patients with bone metastases from solid cancers.