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Infrared-based visualization of exhalation flows while wearing protective face masks
Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a large number of flow visualization procedures have been proposed to assess the effect of personal protective equipment on respiratory flows. This study suggests infrared thermography as a beneficial visualization technique because it is completely noninvas...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
AIP Publishing LLC
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8939526/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35340681 http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0076230 |
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author | Koroteeva, E. Shagiyanova, A. |
author_facet | Koroteeva, E. Shagiyanova, A. |
author_sort | Koroteeva, E. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a large number of flow visualization procedures have been proposed to assess the effect of personal protective equipment on respiratory flows. This study suggests infrared thermography as a beneficial visualization technique because it is completely noninvasive and safe and, thus, can be used on live individuals rather than mannequins or lung simulators. Here, we examine the effect of wearing either of three popular face coverings (a surgical mask, a cloth mask, or an N95 respirator with an exhalation valve) on thermal signatures of exhaled airflows near a human face while coughing, talking, or breathing. The flow visualization using a mid-wave infrared camera captures the dynamics of thermal inhomogeneities induced by increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in the exhaled air. Thermal images demonstrate that both surgical and cloth face masks allow air leakage through the edges and the fabric itself, but they decrease the initial forward velocity of a cough jet by a factor of four. The N95 respirator, on the other hand, reduces the infrared emission of carbon dioxide near the person's face almost completely. This confirms that the N95-type mask may indeed lead to excessive inhalation of carbon dioxide as suggested by some recent studies. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8939526 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | AIP Publishing LLC |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-89395262022-03-22 Infrared-based visualization of exhalation flows while wearing protective face masks Koroteeva, E. Shagiyanova, A. Phys Fluids (1994) Letters Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a large number of flow visualization procedures have been proposed to assess the effect of personal protective equipment on respiratory flows. This study suggests infrared thermography as a beneficial visualization technique because it is completely noninvasive and safe and, thus, can be used on live individuals rather than mannequins or lung simulators. Here, we examine the effect of wearing either of three popular face coverings (a surgical mask, a cloth mask, or an N95 respirator with an exhalation valve) on thermal signatures of exhaled airflows near a human face while coughing, talking, or breathing. The flow visualization using a mid-wave infrared camera captures the dynamics of thermal inhomogeneities induced by increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in the exhaled air. Thermal images demonstrate that both surgical and cloth face masks allow air leakage through the edges and the fabric itself, but they decrease the initial forward velocity of a cough jet by a factor of four. The N95 respirator, on the other hand, reduces the infrared emission of carbon dioxide near the person's face almost completely. This confirms that the N95-type mask may indeed lead to excessive inhalation of carbon dioxide as suggested by some recent studies. AIP Publishing LLC 2022-01 2022-01-25 /pmc/articles/PMC8939526/ /pubmed/35340681 http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0076230 Text en © 2022 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ). |
spellingShingle | Letters Koroteeva, E. Shagiyanova, A. Infrared-based visualization of exhalation flows while wearing protective face masks |
title | Infrared-based visualization of exhalation flows while wearing protective face masks |
title_full | Infrared-based visualization of exhalation flows while wearing protective face masks |
title_fullStr | Infrared-based visualization of exhalation flows while wearing protective face masks |
title_full_unstemmed | Infrared-based visualization of exhalation flows while wearing protective face masks |
title_short | Infrared-based visualization of exhalation flows while wearing protective face masks |
title_sort | infrared-based visualization of exhalation flows while wearing protective face masks |
topic | Letters |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8939526/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35340681 http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0076230 |
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