PCNL Combined with 3D Printing Technology for the Treatment of Complex Staghorn Kidney Stones

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical application value of percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) combined with 3D printing technology in the treatment of complex staghorn kidney stones. METHODS: From January 2018 to February 2020, a total of 72 patients with complex staghorn kidney stones admitted to our center were divided into experimental group (3D printing group) and control group (computed tomography, CT, imaging group)) according to the random block method, and a prospective cohort study was conducted. Preoperative computed tomography urography (CTU) examination was performed on all patients in the two groups, and the original CT scan Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) data of patients in the experimental group were separately extracted for three-dimensional reconstruction and 3D model printing and designed a doctor-patient communication evaluation score table. The two groups were compared in score table, puncture location time, total operation time, consistency between estimated calyx and target calyx, incidence of surgical complications, stone free rate, postoperative recovery, and other aspects. RESULTS: Both groups completed preoperative CTU examination and showed good kidney and stone morphology. In the experimental group, all 3D printed models were completed and the internal anatomical structure could be clearly displayed. Simulation puncture and relevant measurement parameters could be obtained. The experimental group was significantly better than the control group in doctor-patient communication evaluation score, puncture location time, target calyx consistency, and stone free rate (p < 0.05), and there was no statistical difference in total operation time, postoperative complications, and postoperative recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Individualized 3D printing technology can fully evaluate and design percutaneous renal access and stone clearing strategies before surgery. Compared with traditional preoperative imaging evaluation, 3D printing makes PCNL more accurate and efficient in the treatment of complex staghorn shaped kidney stones, with a high stone free rate at the first stage and better doctor-patient communication satisfaction.