GNG2 acts as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer through stimulating MRAS signaling

G-protein gamma subunit 2 (GNG2) is involved in several cell signaling pathways, and is essential for cell proliferation and angiogenesis. However, the role of GNG2 in tumorigenesis and development remains unclear. In this study, 1321 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in breast cancer (BC) tissues were screened using the GEO and TCGA databases. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that most of the enriched genes were part of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. We identified GNG2 from the first five DEGs, its expression was markedly reduced in all BC subtype tissues. Cox regression analysis showed that GNG2 was independently associated with overall survival in patients with luminal A and triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC). GNG2 over-expression could significantly block the cell cycle, inhibit proliferation, and promote apoptosis in BC cells in vitro. In animal studies, GNG2 over-expression inhibited the growth of BC cells. Further, we found that GNG2 significantly inhibited the activity of ERK and Akt in an MRAS-dependent manner. Importantly, GNG2 and muscle RAS oncogene homolog (MRAS) were co-localized in the cell membrane, and the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiment revealed that they had direct interaction. In conclusion, the interaction between GNG2 and MRAS likely inhibits Akt and ERK activity, promoting apoptosis and suppressing proliferation in BC cells. Increasing GNG2 expression or disrupting the GNG2–MRAS interaction in vivo could therefore be a potential therapeutic strategy to treat BC.