Cumulative incidence of subsequent malignancy after allo-HCT conditioned with or without low-dose total body irradiation

Subsequent malignancies (SMs) present a significant burden of morbidity and are a common cause of late mortality in survivors of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (allo-HCT). Previous studies have described total body irradiation (TBI) as a risk factor for the development of SMs in allo-HCT survivors. However, most studies of the association between TBI and SM have examined high-dose TBI regimens (typically [Formula: see text] 600 cGy), and thus little is known about the association between low-dose TBI regimens and risk of SMs. Our goal, therefore, was to compare the cumulative incidence of SMs in patients of Alberta, Canada, who received busulfan/fludarabine alone vs busulfan/fludarabine plus 400 cGy TBI. Of the 674 included patients, 49 developed a total of 56 malignancies at a median of 5.9 years’ posttransplant. The cumulative incidence of SMs at 15 years’ post-HCT in the entire cohort was 11.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.5-15.6): 13.4% (95% CI, 9.1-19.3) in the no-TBI group and 10.8% (95% CI, 6.6-17.4) in the TBI group. In the multivariable model, TBI was not associated with SMs, whereas there was an association with number of pre-HCT cycles of chemotherapy. The standardized incidence ratio for the entire cohort, compared with the age-, sex-, and calendar year–matched general population, was 1.75. allo-HCT conditioning that includes low-dose TBI does not seem to increase risk of SMs compared with chemotherapy-alone conditioning.