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Calcium Channels in the Heart: Disease States and Drugs
Calcium ions are the major signaling ions in the cells. They regulate muscle contraction, neurotransmitter secretion, cell growth and migration, and the activity of several proteins including enzymes and ion channels and transporters. They participate in various signal transduction pathways, thereby...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8945986/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35326393 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11060943 |
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author | Shah, Kajol Seeley, Sarah Schulz, Castin Fisher, Jacqueline Gururaja Rao, Shubha |
author_facet | Shah, Kajol Seeley, Sarah Schulz, Castin Fisher, Jacqueline Gururaja Rao, Shubha |
author_sort | Shah, Kajol |
collection | PubMed |
description | Calcium ions are the major signaling ions in the cells. They regulate muscle contraction, neurotransmitter secretion, cell growth and migration, and the activity of several proteins including enzymes and ion channels and transporters. They participate in various signal transduction pathways, thereby regulating major physiological functions. Calcium ion entry into the cells is regulated by specific calcium channels and transporters. There are mainly six types of calcium channels, of which only two are prominent in the heart. In cardiac tissues, the two types of calcium channels are the L type and the T type. L-type channels are found in all cardiac cells and T-type are expressed in Purkinje cells, pacemaker and atrial cells. Both these types of channels contribute to atrioventricular conduction as well as pacemaker activity. Given the crucial role of calcium channels in the cardiac conduction system, mutations and dysfunctions of these channels are known to cause several diseases and disorders. Drugs targeting calcium channels hence are used in a wide variety of cardiac disorders including but not limited to hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias. This review summarizes the type of cardiac calcium channels, their function, and disorders caused by their mutations and dysfunctions. Finally, this review also focuses on the types of calcium channel blockers and their use in a variety of cardiac disorders. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8945986 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-89459862022-03-25 Calcium Channels in the Heart: Disease States and Drugs Shah, Kajol Seeley, Sarah Schulz, Castin Fisher, Jacqueline Gururaja Rao, Shubha Cells Review Calcium ions are the major signaling ions in the cells. They regulate muscle contraction, neurotransmitter secretion, cell growth and migration, and the activity of several proteins including enzymes and ion channels and transporters. They participate in various signal transduction pathways, thereby regulating major physiological functions. Calcium ion entry into the cells is regulated by specific calcium channels and transporters. There are mainly six types of calcium channels, of which only two are prominent in the heart. In cardiac tissues, the two types of calcium channels are the L type and the T type. L-type channels are found in all cardiac cells and T-type are expressed in Purkinje cells, pacemaker and atrial cells. Both these types of channels contribute to atrioventricular conduction as well as pacemaker activity. Given the crucial role of calcium channels in the cardiac conduction system, mutations and dysfunctions of these channels are known to cause several diseases and disorders. Drugs targeting calcium channels hence are used in a wide variety of cardiac disorders including but not limited to hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias. This review summarizes the type of cardiac calcium channels, their function, and disorders caused by their mutations and dysfunctions. Finally, this review also focuses on the types of calcium channel blockers and their use in a variety of cardiac disorders. MDPI 2022-03-10 /pmc/articles/PMC8945986/ /pubmed/35326393 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11060943 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Shah, Kajol Seeley, Sarah Schulz, Castin Fisher, Jacqueline Gururaja Rao, Shubha Calcium Channels in the Heart: Disease States and Drugs |
title | Calcium Channels in the Heart: Disease States and Drugs |
title_full | Calcium Channels in the Heart: Disease States and Drugs |
title_fullStr | Calcium Channels in the Heart: Disease States and Drugs |
title_full_unstemmed | Calcium Channels in the Heart: Disease States and Drugs |
title_short | Calcium Channels in the Heart: Disease States and Drugs |
title_sort | calcium channels in the heart: disease states and drugs |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8945986/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35326393 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11060943 |
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