Applying Machine Learning with Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors to Detect SARS-CoV-2 Particles

The sudden outbreak of COVID-19 rapidly developed into a global pandemic, which caused tens of millions of infections and millions of deaths. Although SARS-CoV-2 is known to cause COVID-19, effective approaches to detect SARS-CoV-2 using a convenient, rapid, accurate, and low-cost method are lacking. To date, most of the diagnostic methods for patients with early infections are limited to the detection of viral nucleic acids via polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or antigens, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or a chemiluminescence immunoassay. This study developed a novel method that uses localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensors, optical imaging, and artificial intelligence methods to directly detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus particles without any sample preparation. The virus concentration can be qualitatively and quantitatively detected in the range of 125.28 to 10(6) vp/mL through a few steps within 12 min with a limit of detection (LOD) of 100 vp/mL. The accuracy of the SARS-CoV-2 positive or negative assessment was found to be greater than 97%, and this was demonstrated by establishing a regression machine learning model for the virus concentration prediction (R(2) > 0.95).