Pain Coping Strategies in Pediatric Patients with Acute Leukemias in the First Month of Therapy: Effects of Treatments and Implications on Procedural Analgesia

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Children with leukemia have to adapt to several pain episodes related to medical procedures and to the treatment effects. This is one of the first multi-disciplinary studies involving different perspectives of pediatric hematologists, anesthetists, and psychologists. The aim of this study is to understand how specific coping strategies could be associated with the treatments’ factors and with the dosage of sedation analgesic drugs during bone marrow aspirates. Results underlined that patients’ coping with pain, such as distraction, could be influenced by treatment factors and by their age. The use of particular pain coping strategies (especially the request for social support) was associated with a lower demand for hypnotic sedative drugs during sedation for bone marrow aspirate. Contrarily, the catastrophic attitude was recognized as a negative factor that influenced a major dosage of propofol for the bone morrow sedations. Health professionals should strengthen these useful coping strategies and dampen the catastrophizing one. ABSTRACT: Children with leukemia experience difficulties adapting to medical procedures and to the chemotherapy’s adverse effects. Study’s objectives were to identify which coping strategies could be associated with the treatments’ factors and with the dosage of sedation analgesic drugs during bone marrow aspirates. A total of 125 patients (mean = 6.79 years; standard deviation = 3.40), majority with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (90.4%) and their parents received, one month after diagnosis, the Pediatric Pain Coping Inventory. Data on the severe treatment effects and on the dosage of drugs in sedation-analgesia were also collected. An ANCOVA model (R(2) = 0.25) showed that, weighing the age factor (F = 3.47; df = 3; p = 0.02), the number of episodes of fever (F = 4.78; df = 1; p = 0.03), nausea (F = 4.71; df = 1; p = 0.03) and mucositis (F = 5.81; df = 1; p = 0.02) influenced the use of distraction. Cognitive self-instructions (R(2) = 0.22) were influenced by the number of hospitalizations (F = 5.14; df = 1; p = 0.03) and mucositis (F = 8.48; df = 3; p = 0.004) and by child’s age (F = 3.76; df = 3; p = 0.01). Children who sought parental support more frequently (F = 9.7; df = 2; p = 0.0001) and who tended not to succumb to a catastrophic attitude (F = 13.33; df = 2; p = 0.001) during the induction treatment phase required lower drug dosages, especially propofol. The clinical application of these results could be to encourage the use of cognitive self-instructions and search for social support.