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Interconnection between Cardiac Cachexia and Heart Failure—Protective Role of Cardiac Obesity
Cachexia may be caused by congestive heart failure, and it is then called cardiac cachexia, which leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Cardiac cachexia also worsens skeletal muscle degradation. Cardiac cachexia is the loss of edema-free muscle mass with or without affecting fat tissue. It is...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8946995/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35326490 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11061039 |
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author | Soto, María Elena Pérez-Torres, Israel Rubio-Ruiz, María Esther Manzano-Pech, Linaloe Guarner-Lans, Verónica |
author_facet | Soto, María Elena Pérez-Torres, Israel Rubio-Ruiz, María Esther Manzano-Pech, Linaloe Guarner-Lans, Verónica |
author_sort | Soto, María Elena |
collection | PubMed |
description | Cachexia may be caused by congestive heart failure, and it is then called cardiac cachexia, which leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Cardiac cachexia also worsens skeletal muscle degradation. Cardiac cachexia is the loss of edema-free muscle mass with or without affecting fat tissue. It is mainly caused by a loss of balance between protein synthesis and degradation, or it may result from intestinal malabsorption. The loss of balance in protein synthesis and degradation may be the consequence of altered endocrine mediators such as insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, leptin, ghrelin, melanocortin, growth hormone and neuropeptide Y. In contrast to many other health problems, fat accumulation in the heart is protective in this condition. Fat in the heart can be divided into epicardial, myocardial and cardiac steatosis. In this review, we describe and discuss these topics, pointing out the interconnection between heart failure and cardiac cachexia and the protective role of cardiac obesity. We also set the basis for possible screening methods that may allow for a timely diagnosis of cardiac cachexia, since there is still no cure for this condition. Several therapeutic procedures are discussed including exercise, nutritional proposals, myostatin antibodies, ghrelin, anabolic steroids, anti-inflammatory substances, beta-adrenergic agonists, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, cannabinoids, statins, thalidomide, proteasome inhibitors and pentoxifylline. However, to this date, there is no cure for cachexia. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8946995 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-89469952022-03-25 Interconnection between Cardiac Cachexia and Heart Failure—Protective Role of Cardiac Obesity Soto, María Elena Pérez-Torres, Israel Rubio-Ruiz, María Esther Manzano-Pech, Linaloe Guarner-Lans, Verónica Cells Review Cachexia may be caused by congestive heart failure, and it is then called cardiac cachexia, which leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Cardiac cachexia also worsens skeletal muscle degradation. Cardiac cachexia is the loss of edema-free muscle mass with or without affecting fat tissue. It is mainly caused by a loss of balance between protein synthesis and degradation, or it may result from intestinal malabsorption. The loss of balance in protein synthesis and degradation may be the consequence of altered endocrine mediators such as insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, leptin, ghrelin, melanocortin, growth hormone and neuropeptide Y. In contrast to many other health problems, fat accumulation in the heart is protective in this condition. Fat in the heart can be divided into epicardial, myocardial and cardiac steatosis. In this review, we describe and discuss these topics, pointing out the interconnection between heart failure and cardiac cachexia and the protective role of cardiac obesity. We also set the basis for possible screening methods that may allow for a timely diagnosis of cardiac cachexia, since there is still no cure for this condition. Several therapeutic procedures are discussed including exercise, nutritional proposals, myostatin antibodies, ghrelin, anabolic steroids, anti-inflammatory substances, beta-adrenergic agonists, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, cannabinoids, statins, thalidomide, proteasome inhibitors and pentoxifylline. However, to this date, there is no cure for cachexia. MDPI 2022-03-18 /pmc/articles/PMC8946995/ /pubmed/35326490 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11061039 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Soto, María Elena Pérez-Torres, Israel Rubio-Ruiz, María Esther Manzano-Pech, Linaloe Guarner-Lans, Verónica Interconnection between Cardiac Cachexia and Heart Failure—Protective Role of Cardiac Obesity |
title | Interconnection between Cardiac Cachexia and Heart Failure—Protective Role of Cardiac Obesity |
title_full | Interconnection between Cardiac Cachexia and Heart Failure—Protective Role of Cardiac Obesity |
title_fullStr | Interconnection between Cardiac Cachexia and Heart Failure—Protective Role of Cardiac Obesity |
title_full_unstemmed | Interconnection between Cardiac Cachexia and Heart Failure—Protective Role of Cardiac Obesity |
title_short | Interconnection between Cardiac Cachexia and Heart Failure—Protective Role of Cardiac Obesity |
title_sort | interconnection between cardiac cachexia and heart failure—protective role of cardiac obesity |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8946995/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35326490 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11061039 |
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