Cargando…

Interconnection between Cardiac Cachexia and Heart Failure—Protective Role of Cardiac Obesity

Cachexia may be caused by congestive heart failure, and it is then called cardiac cachexia, which leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Cardiac cachexia also worsens skeletal muscle degradation. Cardiac cachexia is the loss of edema-free muscle mass with or without affecting fat tissue. It is...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Soto, María Elena, Pérez-Torres, Israel, Rubio-Ruiz, María Esther, Manzano-Pech, Linaloe, Guarner-Lans, Verónica
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8946995/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35326490
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11061039
_version_ 1784674333280436224
author Soto, María Elena
Pérez-Torres, Israel
Rubio-Ruiz, María Esther
Manzano-Pech, Linaloe
Guarner-Lans, Verónica
author_facet Soto, María Elena
Pérez-Torres, Israel
Rubio-Ruiz, María Esther
Manzano-Pech, Linaloe
Guarner-Lans, Verónica
author_sort Soto, María Elena
collection PubMed
description Cachexia may be caused by congestive heart failure, and it is then called cardiac cachexia, which leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Cardiac cachexia also worsens skeletal muscle degradation. Cardiac cachexia is the loss of edema-free muscle mass with or without affecting fat tissue. It is mainly caused by a loss of balance between protein synthesis and degradation, or it may result from intestinal malabsorption. The loss of balance in protein synthesis and degradation may be the consequence of altered endocrine mediators such as insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, leptin, ghrelin, melanocortin, growth hormone and neuropeptide Y. In contrast to many other health problems, fat accumulation in the heart is protective in this condition. Fat in the heart can be divided into epicardial, myocardial and cardiac steatosis. In this review, we describe and discuss these topics, pointing out the interconnection between heart failure and cardiac cachexia and the protective role of cardiac obesity. We also set the basis for possible screening methods that may allow for a timely diagnosis of cardiac cachexia, since there is still no cure for this condition. Several therapeutic procedures are discussed including exercise, nutritional proposals, myostatin antibodies, ghrelin, anabolic steroids, anti-inflammatory substances, beta-adrenergic agonists, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, cannabinoids, statins, thalidomide, proteasome inhibitors and pentoxifylline. However, to this date, there is no cure for cachexia.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-8946995
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2022
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-89469952022-03-25 Interconnection between Cardiac Cachexia and Heart Failure—Protective Role of Cardiac Obesity Soto, María Elena Pérez-Torres, Israel Rubio-Ruiz, María Esther Manzano-Pech, Linaloe Guarner-Lans, Verónica Cells Review Cachexia may be caused by congestive heart failure, and it is then called cardiac cachexia, which leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Cardiac cachexia also worsens skeletal muscle degradation. Cardiac cachexia is the loss of edema-free muscle mass with or without affecting fat tissue. It is mainly caused by a loss of balance between protein synthesis and degradation, or it may result from intestinal malabsorption. The loss of balance in protein synthesis and degradation may be the consequence of altered endocrine mediators such as insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, leptin, ghrelin, melanocortin, growth hormone and neuropeptide Y. In contrast to many other health problems, fat accumulation in the heart is protective in this condition. Fat in the heart can be divided into epicardial, myocardial and cardiac steatosis. In this review, we describe and discuss these topics, pointing out the interconnection between heart failure and cardiac cachexia and the protective role of cardiac obesity. We also set the basis for possible screening methods that may allow for a timely diagnosis of cardiac cachexia, since there is still no cure for this condition. Several therapeutic procedures are discussed including exercise, nutritional proposals, myostatin antibodies, ghrelin, anabolic steroids, anti-inflammatory substances, beta-adrenergic agonists, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, cannabinoids, statins, thalidomide, proteasome inhibitors and pentoxifylline. However, to this date, there is no cure for cachexia. MDPI 2022-03-18 /pmc/articles/PMC8946995/ /pubmed/35326490 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11061039 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Soto, María Elena
Pérez-Torres, Israel
Rubio-Ruiz, María Esther
Manzano-Pech, Linaloe
Guarner-Lans, Verónica
Interconnection between Cardiac Cachexia and Heart Failure—Protective Role of Cardiac Obesity
title Interconnection between Cardiac Cachexia and Heart Failure—Protective Role of Cardiac Obesity
title_full Interconnection between Cardiac Cachexia and Heart Failure—Protective Role of Cardiac Obesity
title_fullStr Interconnection between Cardiac Cachexia and Heart Failure—Protective Role of Cardiac Obesity
title_full_unstemmed Interconnection between Cardiac Cachexia and Heart Failure—Protective Role of Cardiac Obesity
title_short Interconnection between Cardiac Cachexia and Heart Failure—Protective Role of Cardiac Obesity
title_sort interconnection between cardiac cachexia and heart failure—protective role of cardiac obesity
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8946995/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35326490
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11061039
work_keys_str_mv AT sotomariaelena interconnectionbetweencardiaccachexiaandheartfailureprotectiveroleofcardiacobesity
AT pereztorresisrael interconnectionbetweencardiaccachexiaandheartfailureprotectiveroleofcardiacobesity
AT rubioruizmariaesther interconnectionbetweencardiaccachexiaandheartfailureprotectiveroleofcardiacobesity
AT manzanopechlinaloe interconnectionbetweencardiaccachexiaandheartfailureprotectiveroleofcardiacobesity
AT guarnerlansveronica interconnectionbetweencardiaccachexiaandheartfailureprotectiveroleofcardiacobesity