CD4+ cell count recovery after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected Ethiopian adults

BACKGROUND: CD4+ cell count recovery after effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) is an important determinant of both AIDS and non-AIDS morbidity and mortality. Data on CD4+ cell count recovery after initiation of ART are still limited in Sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to assess CD4+ cell count recovery among HIV-infected adults initiating ART in an Ethiopian setting. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of HIV-infected adults initiating ART between September 2008 and June 2019 was carried out. CD4+ cell count recovery was defined as an increase in CD4+ cell count of >100 cells/mm(3) from baseline or achievement of a CD4+ cell count >500 cells/mm(3) at 12 months after ART initiation. Factors associated with CD4+ cell count recovery were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 566 patients included in this study, the median baseline CD4+ cell count was 264 cells/mm(3) (IQR: 192–500). At 12 months after ART initiation, the median CD4+ cell count increased to 472 cells/mm(3), and the proportion of patients with CD4+ cell count < 200 cells/mm(3) declined from 28.3 to 15.0%. A total of 58.0% of patients had an increase in CD4+ cell count of >100 cells/mm(3) from baseline and 48.6% achieved a CD4+ cell count >500 cells/mm(3) at 12 months. Among patients with CD4+ cell counts < 200, 200–350 and >350 cells/mm(3) at baseline, respectively, 30%, 43.9% and 61.7% achieved a CD4+ cell count >500 cells/mm(3) at 12 months. In multivariable analysis, poor CD4+ cell count recovery (an increase of ≤100 cells/mm(3) from baseline) was associated with older age, male sex, higher baseline CD4+ cell count and zidovudine-containing initial regimen. Factors associated with poor CD4+ cell count recovery to reach the level >500 cells/mm(3) included older age, male sex and lower baseline CD4+ cell count. CONCLUSIONS: CD4+ cell count failed to recover in a substantial proportion of adults initiating ART in this resource-limited setting. Older age, male sex and baseline CD4+ cell count are the dominant factors for poor CD4+ cell count recovery. Novel therapeutic approaches are needed focusing on high risk patients to maximize CD4+ cell count recovery and improve outcomes during therapy.