Mechanistic Insights into WO(3) Sensing and Related Perspectives

Tungsten trioxide (WO(3)) is taking on an increasing level of importance as an active material for chemoresistive sensors. However, many different issues have to be considered when trying to understand the sensing properties of WO(3) in order to rationally design sensing devices. In this review, several key points are critically summarized. After a quick review of the sensing results, showing the most timely trends, the complex system of crystallographic WO(3) phase transitions is considered, with reference to the phases possibly involved in gas sensing. Appropriate attention is given to related investigations of first principles, since they have been shown to be a solid support for understanding the physical properties of crucially important systems. Then, the surface properties of WO(3) are considered from both an experimental and first principles point of view, with reference to the paramount importance of oxygen vacancies. Finally, the few investigations of the sensing mechanisms of WO(3) are discussed, showing a promising convergence between the proposed hypotheses and several experimental and theoretical studies presented in the previous sections.