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Are Roma People Descended from the Punjab Region of Pakistan: A Y-Chromosomal Perspective

Gypsies are a separate ethnic group living in Pakistan and some other countries as well. They are mostly known as ‘Roma’ and ‘untouchables’. They have different types of lifestyles as compared to other common people, as they always keep migrating from one place to another. They do not have proper ho...

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Autores principales: Adnan, Atif, Rakha, Allah, Lazim, Hayder, Nazir, Shahid, Al-Qahtani, Wedad Saeed, Abdullah Alwaili, Maha, Hadi, Sibte, Wang, Chuan-Chao
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8951058/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35328085
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13030532
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author Adnan, Atif
Rakha, Allah
Lazim, Hayder
Nazir, Shahid
Al-Qahtani, Wedad Saeed
Abdullah Alwaili, Maha
Hadi, Sibte
Wang, Chuan-Chao
author_facet Adnan, Atif
Rakha, Allah
Lazim, Hayder
Nazir, Shahid
Al-Qahtani, Wedad Saeed
Abdullah Alwaili, Maha
Hadi, Sibte
Wang, Chuan-Chao
author_sort Adnan, Atif
collection PubMed
description Gypsies are a separate ethnic group living in Pakistan and some other countries as well. They are mostly known as ‘Roma’ and ‘untouchables’. They have different types of lifestyles as compared to other common people, as they always keep migrating from one place to another. They do not have proper houses; they live in tent houses and most probably work on daily wages to earn their living. Gypsies cannot be specified according to the place of residence and can only be classified according to their migration route. Previous historical and linguistic research showed the north Indian origin of Roma people. The present study collected 285 unrelated Roma individuals living in Punjab and typed with the Goldeneye Y20 system. Allelic frequencies ranged between 0.0035 and 0.5266, with haplotype diversity (HD) of 0.9999 and discrimination capacity (DC) of 0.8790. Gene diversity (GD) ranged from 0.6489 (DYS391) to 0.9764 (DYS391) (DY385ab). A total of 223 unique alleles were observed. Interestingly, the haplogroup R accounted for 40.56% and J for 22.06%. In MDS analysis, Pakistani Roma formed a close cluster with Roma from Constanta, Romania. The migration pattern of the Roma population from Pakistan, India and Europe was inferred using coalescence theory in the Migrate-n program. Overlapping Y-STR data were used to test different migration models. These migration models showed us the dominant gene flow from Pakistan to India and Europe to Pakistan. The results of our study showed that Y STRs provided substantially stronger discriminatory power in the Pakistani Roma population.
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spelling pubmed-89510582022-03-26 Are Roma People Descended from the Punjab Region of Pakistan: A Y-Chromosomal Perspective Adnan, Atif Rakha, Allah Lazim, Hayder Nazir, Shahid Al-Qahtani, Wedad Saeed Abdullah Alwaili, Maha Hadi, Sibte Wang, Chuan-Chao Genes (Basel) Article Gypsies are a separate ethnic group living in Pakistan and some other countries as well. They are mostly known as ‘Roma’ and ‘untouchables’. They have different types of lifestyles as compared to other common people, as they always keep migrating from one place to another. They do not have proper houses; they live in tent houses and most probably work on daily wages to earn their living. Gypsies cannot be specified according to the place of residence and can only be classified according to their migration route. Previous historical and linguistic research showed the north Indian origin of Roma people. The present study collected 285 unrelated Roma individuals living in Punjab and typed with the Goldeneye Y20 system. Allelic frequencies ranged between 0.0035 and 0.5266, with haplotype diversity (HD) of 0.9999 and discrimination capacity (DC) of 0.8790. Gene diversity (GD) ranged from 0.6489 (DYS391) to 0.9764 (DYS391) (DY385ab). A total of 223 unique alleles were observed. Interestingly, the haplogroup R accounted for 40.56% and J for 22.06%. In MDS analysis, Pakistani Roma formed a close cluster with Roma from Constanta, Romania. The migration pattern of the Roma population from Pakistan, India and Europe was inferred using coalescence theory in the Migrate-n program. Overlapping Y-STR data were used to test different migration models. These migration models showed us the dominant gene flow from Pakistan to India and Europe to Pakistan. The results of our study showed that Y STRs provided substantially stronger discriminatory power in the Pakistani Roma population. MDPI 2022-03-17 /pmc/articles/PMC8951058/ /pubmed/35328085 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13030532 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Adnan, Atif
Rakha, Allah
Lazim, Hayder
Nazir, Shahid
Al-Qahtani, Wedad Saeed
Abdullah Alwaili, Maha
Hadi, Sibte
Wang, Chuan-Chao
Are Roma People Descended from the Punjab Region of Pakistan: A Y-Chromosomal Perspective
title Are Roma People Descended from the Punjab Region of Pakistan: A Y-Chromosomal Perspective
title_full Are Roma People Descended from the Punjab Region of Pakistan: A Y-Chromosomal Perspective
title_fullStr Are Roma People Descended from the Punjab Region of Pakistan: A Y-Chromosomal Perspective
title_full_unstemmed Are Roma People Descended from the Punjab Region of Pakistan: A Y-Chromosomal Perspective
title_short Are Roma People Descended from the Punjab Region of Pakistan: A Y-Chromosomal Perspective
title_sort are roma people descended from the punjab region of pakistan: a y-chromosomal perspective
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8951058/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35328085
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13030532
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