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The Influence of Colloidal Properties of Carbon Black on Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber

The influence of carbon black (CB) structure and surface area on key rubber properties such as monotonic stress-strain, cyclic stress–strain, and dynamic mechanical behaviors are investigated in this paper. Natural rubber compounds containing eight different CBs were examined at equivalent particula...

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Autores principales: Kyei-Manu, William Amoako, Herd, Charles R., Chowdhury, Mahatab, Busfield, James J. C., Tunnicliffe, Lewis B.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8951755/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35335525
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061194
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author Kyei-Manu, William Amoako
Herd, Charles R.
Chowdhury, Mahatab
Busfield, James J. C.
Tunnicliffe, Lewis B.
author_facet Kyei-Manu, William Amoako
Herd, Charles R.
Chowdhury, Mahatab
Busfield, James J. C.
Tunnicliffe, Lewis B.
author_sort Kyei-Manu, William Amoako
collection PubMed
description The influence of carbon black (CB) structure and surface area on key rubber properties such as monotonic stress-strain, cyclic stress–strain, and dynamic mechanical behaviors are investigated in this paper. Natural rubber compounds containing eight different CBs were examined at equivalent particulate volume fractions. The CBs varied in their surface area and structure properties according to a wide experimental design space, allowing robust correlations to the experimental data sets to be extracted. Carbon black structure plays a dominant role in defining the monotonic stress–strain properties (e.g., secant moduli) of the compounds. In line with the previous literature, this is primarily due to strain amplification and occluded rubber mechanisms. For cyclic stress–strain properties, which include the Mullins effect and cyclic softening, the observed mechanical hysteresis is strongly correlated with carbon black structure, which implies that hysteretic energy dissipation at medium to large strain values is isolated in the rubber matrix and arises due to matrix overstrain effects. Under small to medium dynamic strain conditions, classical strain dependence of viscoelastic moduli is observed (the Payne effect), the magnitude of which varies dramatically and systematically depending on the colloidal properties of the CB. At low strain amplitudes, both CB structure and surface area are positively correlated to the complex moduli. Beyond ~2% strain amplitude the effect of surface area vanishes, while structure plays an increasing and eventually dominant role in defining the complex modulus. This transition in colloidal correlations reflects the transition in stiffening mechanisms from flexing of rigid percolated particle networks at low strains to strain amplification at medium to high strains. By rescaling the dynamic mechanical data sets to peak dynamic stress and peak strain energy density, the influence of CB colloidal properties on compound hysteresis under strain, stress, and strain energy density control can be estimated. This has considerable significance for materials selection in rubber product development.
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spelling pubmed-89517552022-03-26 The Influence of Colloidal Properties of Carbon Black on Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Kyei-Manu, William Amoako Herd, Charles R. Chowdhury, Mahatab Busfield, James J. C. Tunnicliffe, Lewis B. Polymers (Basel) Article The influence of carbon black (CB) structure and surface area on key rubber properties such as monotonic stress-strain, cyclic stress–strain, and dynamic mechanical behaviors are investigated in this paper. Natural rubber compounds containing eight different CBs were examined at equivalent particulate volume fractions. The CBs varied in their surface area and structure properties according to a wide experimental design space, allowing robust correlations to the experimental data sets to be extracted. Carbon black structure plays a dominant role in defining the monotonic stress–strain properties (e.g., secant moduli) of the compounds. In line with the previous literature, this is primarily due to strain amplification and occluded rubber mechanisms. For cyclic stress–strain properties, which include the Mullins effect and cyclic softening, the observed mechanical hysteresis is strongly correlated with carbon black structure, which implies that hysteretic energy dissipation at medium to large strain values is isolated in the rubber matrix and arises due to matrix overstrain effects. Under small to medium dynamic strain conditions, classical strain dependence of viscoelastic moduli is observed (the Payne effect), the magnitude of which varies dramatically and systematically depending on the colloidal properties of the CB. At low strain amplitudes, both CB structure and surface area are positively correlated to the complex moduli. Beyond ~2% strain amplitude the effect of surface area vanishes, while structure plays an increasing and eventually dominant role in defining the complex modulus. This transition in colloidal correlations reflects the transition in stiffening mechanisms from flexing of rigid percolated particle networks at low strains to strain amplification at medium to high strains. By rescaling the dynamic mechanical data sets to peak dynamic stress and peak strain energy density, the influence of CB colloidal properties on compound hysteresis under strain, stress, and strain energy density control can be estimated. This has considerable significance for materials selection in rubber product development. MDPI 2022-03-16 /pmc/articles/PMC8951755/ /pubmed/35335525 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061194 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Kyei-Manu, William Amoako
Herd, Charles R.
Chowdhury, Mahatab
Busfield, James J. C.
Tunnicliffe, Lewis B.
The Influence of Colloidal Properties of Carbon Black on Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber
title The Influence of Colloidal Properties of Carbon Black on Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber
title_full The Influence of Colloidal Properties of Carbon Black on Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber
title_fullStr The Influence of Colloidal Properties of Carbon Black on Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber
title_full_unstemmed The Influence of Colloidal Properties of Carbon Black on Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber
title_short The Influence of Colloidal Properties of Carbon Black on Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber
title_sort influence of colloidal properties of carbon black on static and dynamic mechanical properties of natural rubber
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8951755/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35335525
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061194
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