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Citric Acid as a Potential Prostate Cancer Biomarker Determined in Various Biological Samples
Despite numerous studies, the molecular mechanism of prostate cancer development is still unknown. Recent investigations indicated that citric acid and lipids—with a special emphasis on fatty acids, steroids and hormones (ex. prolactin)—play a significant role in prostate cancer development and prog...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8952317/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35323711 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12030268 |
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author | Buszewska-Forajta, Magdalena Monedeiro, Fernanda Gołębiowski, Adrian Adamczyk, Przemysław Buszewski, Bogusław |
author_facet | Buszewska-Forajta, Magdalena Monedeiro, Fernanda Gołębiowski, Adrian Adamczyk, Przemysław Buszewski, Bogusław |
author_sort | Buszewska-Forajta, Magdalena |
collection | PubMed |
description | Despite numerous studies, the molecular mechanism of prostate cancer development is still unknown. Recent investigations indicated that citric acid and lipids—with a special emphasis on fatty acids, steroids and hormones (ex. prolactin)—play a significant role in prostate cancer development and progression. However, citric acid is assumed to be a potential biomarker of prostate cancer, due to which, the diagnosis at an early stage of the disease could be possible. For this reason, the main goal of this study is to determine the citric acid concentration in three different matrices. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time for citric acid to be determined in three different matrices (tissue, urine and blood). Samples were collected from patients diagnosed with prostate cancer and from a selected control group (individuals with benign prostatic hyperplasia). The analyses were performed using the rapid fluorometric test. The obtained results were correlated with both the histopathological data (the Gleason scale as well as the Classification of Malignant Tumors (pTNM) staging scale) and the biochemical data (the values of the following factors: prostate specific antigen, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, total cholesterol, creatinine and prolactin) using chemometric methods. For tissue samples, the results indicated a decreased level of citric acid in the case of prostate cancer. The analyte average concentrations in serum and urine appeared to be corresponding and superior in the positive cohort. This trend was statistically significant in the case of urinary citric acid. Moreover, a significant negative correlation was demonstrated between the concentration of citric acid and the tumor stage. A negative correlation between the total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein and prolactin was particularly prominent in cancer cases. Conversely, a negative association between low-density lipoprotein and prolactin levels was observed solely in the control group. On the basis of the results, one may assume the influence of hormones, particularly prolactin, on the development of prostate cancer. The present research allowed us to verify the possibility of using citric acid as a potential biomarker for prostate cancer. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8952317 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-89523172022-03-26 Citric Acid as a Potential Prostate Cancer Biomarker Determined in Various Biological Samples Buszewska-Forajta, Magdalena Monedeiro, Fernanda Gołębiowski, Adrian Adamczyk, Przemysław Buszewski, Bogusław Metabolites Article Despite numerous studies, the molecular mechanism of prostate cancer development is still unknown. Recent investigations indicated that citric acid and lipids—with a special emphasis on fatty acids, steroids and hormones (ex. prolactin)—play a significant role in prostate cancer development and progression. However, citric acid is assumed to be a potential biomarker of prostate cancer, due to which, the diagnosis at an early stage of the disease could be possible. For this reason, the main goal of this study is to determine the citric acid concentration in three different matrices. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time for citric acid to be determined in three different matrices (tissue, urine and blood). Samples were collected from patients diagnosed with prostate cancer and from a selected control group (individuals with benign prostatic hyperplasia). The analyses were performed using the rapid fluorometric test. The obtained results were correlated with both the histopathological data (the Gleason scale as well as the Classification of Malignant Tumors (pTNM) staging scale) and the biochemical data (the values of the following factors: prostate specific antigen, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, total cholesterol, creatinine and prolactin) using chemometric methods. For tissue samples, the results indicated a decreased level of citric acid in the case of prostate cancer. The analyte average concentrations in serum and urine appeared to be corresponding and superior in the positive cohort. This trend was statistically significant in the case of urinary citric acid. Moreover, a significant negative correlation was demonstrated between the concentration of citric acid and the tumor stage. A negative correlation between the total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein and prolactin was particularly prominent in cancer cases. Conversely, a negative association between low-density lipoprotein and prolactin levels was observed solely in the control group. On the basis of the results, one may assume the influence of hormones, particularly prolactin, on the development of prostate cancer. The present research allowed us to verify the possibility of using citric acid as a potential biomarker for prostate cancer. MDPI 2022-03-21 /pmc/articles/PMC8952317/ /pubmed/35323711 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12030268 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Buszewska-Forajta, Magdalena Monedeiro, Fernanda Gołębiowski, Adrian Adamczyk, Przemysław Buszewski, Bogusław Citric Acid as a Potential Prostate Cancer Biomarker Determined in Various Biological Samples |
title | Citric Acid as a Potential Prostate Cancer Biomarker Determined in Various Biological Samples |
title_full | Citric Acid as a Potential Prostate Cancer Biomarker Determined in Various Biological Samples |
title_fullStr | Citric Acid as a Potential Prostate Cancer Biomarker Determined in Various Biological Samples |
title_full_unstemmed | Citric Acid as a Potential Prostate Cancer Biomarker Determined in Various Biological Samples |
title_short | Citric Acid as a Potential Prostate Cancer Biomarker Determined in Various Biological Samples |
title_sort | citric acid as a potential prostate cancer biomarker determined in various biological samples |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8952317/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35323711 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12030268 |
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