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Changes in Envelope Structure and Cell–Cell Communication during Akinete Differentiation and Germination in Filamentous Cyanobacterium Trichormus variabilis ATCC 29413
Planktonic freshwater filamentous cyanobacterium Trichormus variabilis ATCC 29413 (previously known as Anabaena variabilis) can differentiate heterocysts and akinetes to survive under different stress conditions. Whilst heterocysts enable diazotrophic growth, akinetes are spore-like resting cells th...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8953462/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35330180 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12030429 |
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author | Garg, Ritu Luckner, Manja Berger, Jürgen Hipp, Katharina Wanner, Gerhard Forchhammer, Karl Maldener, Iris |
author_facet | Garg, Ritu Luckner, Manja Berger, Jürgen Hipp, Katharina Wanner, Gerhard Forchhammer, Karl Maldener, Iris |
author_sort | Garg, Ritu |
collection | PubMed |
description | Planktonic freshwater filamentous cyanobacterium Trichormus variabilis ATCC 29413 (previously known as Anabaena variabilis) can differentiate heterocysts and akinetes to survive under different stress conditions. Whilst heterocysts enable diazotrophic growth, akinetes are spore-like resting cells that make the survival of the species possible under adverse growth conditions. Under suitable environmental conditions, they germinate to produce new vegetative filaments. Several morphological and physiological changes occur during akinete formation and germination. Here, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we found that the mature akinetes had a wrinkled envelope, and the surface of the envelope smoothened as the cell size increased during germination. Thereupon, the akinete envelope ruptured to release the short emerging filament. Focused ion beam–scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) tomography of immature akinetes revealed the presence of cytoplasmic granules, presumably consisting of cyanophycin or glycogen. In addition, the akinete envelope architecture of different layers, the exopolysaccharide and glycolipid layers, could be visualized. We found that this multilayered envelope helped to withstand osmotic stress and to maintain the structural integrity. Furthermore, by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) measurements, using the fluorescent tracer calcein, we found that intercellular communication decreased during akinete formation as compared with the vegetative cells. In contrast, freshly germinating filaments restored cell communication. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8953462 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-89534622022-03-26 Changes in Envelope Structure and Cell–Cell Communication during Akinete Differentiation and Germination in Filamentous Cyanobacterium Trichormus variabilis ATCC 29413 Garg, Ritu Luckner, Manja Berger, Jürgen Hipp, Katharina Wanner, Gerhard Forchhammer, Karl Maldener, Iris Life (Basel) Article Planktonic freshwater filamentous cyanobacterium Trichormus variabilis ATCC 29413 (previously known as Anabaena variabilis) can differentiate heterocysts and akinetes to survive under different stress conditions. Whilst heterocysts enable diazotrophic growth, akinetes are spore-like resting cells that make the survival of the species possible under adverse growth conditions. Under suitable environmental conditions, they germinate to produce new vegetative filaments. Several morphological and physiological changes occur during akinete formation and germination. Here, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we found that the mature akinetes had a wrinkled envelope, and the surface of the envelope smoothened as the cell size increased during germination. Thereupon, the akinete envelope ruptured to release the short emerging filament. Focused ion beam–scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) tomography of immature akinetes revealed the presence of cytoplasmic granules, presumably consisting of cyanophycin or glycogen. In addition, the akinete envelope architecture of different layers, the exopolysaccharide and glycolipid layers, could be visualized. We found that this multilayered envelope helped to withstand osmotic stress and to maintain the structural integrity. Furthermore, by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) measurements, using the fluorescent tracer calcein, we found that intercellular communication decreased during akinete formation as compared with the vegetative cells. In contrast, freshly germinating filaments restored cell communication. MDPI 2022-03-16 /pmc/articles/PMC8953462/ /pubmed/35330180 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12030429 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Garg, Ritu Luckner, Manja Berger, Jürgen Hipp, Katharina Wanner, Gerhard Forchhammer, Karl Maldener, Iris Changes in Envelope Structure and Cell–Cell Communication during Akinete Differentiation and Germination in Filamentous Cyanobacterium Trichormus variabilis ATCC 29413 |
title | Changes in Envelope Structure and Cell–Cell Communication during Akinete Differentiation and Germination in Filamentous Cyanobacterium Trichormus variabilis ATCC 29413 |
title_full | Changes in Envelope Structure and Cell–Cell Communication during Akinete Differentiation and Germination in Filamentous Cyanobacterium Trichormus variabilis ATCC 29413 |
title_fullStr | Changes in Envelope Structure and Cell–Cell Communication during Akinete Differentiation and Germination in Filamentous Cyanobacterium Trichormus variabilis ATCC 29413 |
title_full_unstemmed | Changes in Envelope Structure and Cell–Cell Communication during Akinete Differentiation and Germination in Filamentous Cyanobacterium Trichormus variabilis ATCC 29413 |
title_short | Changes in Envelope Structure and Cell–Cell Communication during Akinete Differentiation and Germination in Filamentous Cyanobacterium Trichormus variabilis ATCC 29413 |
title_sort | changes in envelope structure and cell–cell communication during akinete differentiation and germination in filamentous cyanobacterium trichormus variabilis atcc 29413 |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8953462/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35330180 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12030429 |
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