Epstein-Barr Virus Encephalitis and Disseminated Adenovirus Infection after Haploidentical Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for a Patient with Ph-Like Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Viral reactivation or infections are common complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, especially in haploidentical transplantation. Here, we presented a young patient with Ph-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia who suffered Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encephalitis and disseminated adenovirus (ADV) infection after haploidentical peripheral blood (PB) stem cell transplantation. The patient was a 16-year-old boy and received PB stem cells from his HLA-haploidentical matched father. On day +44 after transplantation, he had viremia with cytomegalovirus, and EBV was diagnosed as EBV encephalitis after 2 weeks. On day +117, he had disseminated ADV infection and fulminant ADV hepatitis. It is very rare that successive EBV encephalitis and fulminant ADV hepatitis are present in the same patient. We summarized risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and effective treatments about EBV encephalitis and disseminated ADV infection. We try to enhance our understanding of the prevention, diagnosis, and potential treatment of EBV and ADV disease by reviewing the entire procedure.