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Unconventional Functions of Amino Acid Transporters: Role in Macropinocytosis (SLC38A5/SLC38A3) and Diet-Induced Obesity/Metabolic Syndrome (SLC6A19/SLC6A14/SLC6A6)

Amino acid transporters are expressed in mammalian cells not only in the plasma membrane but also in intracellular membranes. The conventional function of these transporters is to transfer their amino acid substrates across the lipid bilayer; the direction of the transfer is dictated by the combined...

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Autores principales: Bhutia, Yangzom D., Mathew, Marilyn, Sivaprakasam, Sathish, Ramachandran, Sabarish, Ganapathy, Vadivel
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8961558/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35204736
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12020235
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author Bhutia, Yangzom D.
Mathew, Marilyn
Sivaprakasam, Sathish
Ramachandran, Sabarish
Ganapathy, Vadivel
author_facet Bhutia, Yangzom D.
Mathew, Marilyn
Sivaprakasam, Sathish
Ramachandran, Sabarish
Ganapathy, Vadivel
author_sort Bhutia, Yangzom D.
collection PubMed
description Amino acid transporters are expressed in mammalian cells not only in the plasma membrane but also in intracellular membranes. The conventional function of these transporters is to transfer their amino acid substrates across the lipid bilayer; the direction of the transfer is dictated by the combined gradients for the amino acid substrates and the co-transported ions (Na(+), H(+), K(+) or Cl(−)) across the membrane. In cases of electrogenic transporters, the membrane potential also contributes to the direction of the amino acid transfer. In addition to this expected traditional function, several unconventional functions are known for some of these amino acid transporters. This includes their role in intracellular signaling, regulation of acid–base balance, and entry of viruses into cells. Such functions expand the biological roles of these transporters beyond the logical amino acid homeostasis. In recent years, two additional unconventional biochemical/metabolic processes regulated by certain amino acid transporters have come to be recognized: macropinocytosis and obesity. This adds to the repertoire of biological processes that are controlled and regulated by amino acid transporters in health and disease. In the present review, we highlight the unusual involvement of selective amino acid transporters in macropinocytosis (SLC38A5/SLC38A3) and diet-induced obesity/metabolic syndrome (SLC6A19/SLC6A14/SLC6A6).
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spelling pubmed-89615582022-03-30 Unconventional Functions of Amino Acid Transporters: Role in Macropinocytosis (SLC38A5/SLC38A3) and Diet-Induced Obesity/Metabolic Syndrome (SLC6A19/SLC6A14/SLC6A6) Bhutia, Yangzom D. Mathew, Marilyn Sivaprakasam, Sathish Ramachandran, Sabarish Ganapathy, Vadivel Biomolecules Review Amino acid transporters are expressed in mammalian cells not only in the plasma membrane but also in intracellular membranes. The conventional function of these transporters is to transfer their amino acid substrates across the lipid bilayer; the direction of the transfer is dictated by the combined gradients for the amino acid substrates and the co-transported ions (Na(+), H(+), K(+) or Cl(−)) across the membrane. In cases of electrogenic transporters, the membrane potential also contributes to the direction of the amino acid transfer. In addition to this expected traditional function, several unconventional functions are known for some of these amino acid transporters. This includes their role in intracellular signaling, regulation of acid–base balance, and entry of viruses into cells. Such functions expand the biological roles of these transporters beyond the logical amino acid homeostasis. In recent years, two additional unconventional biochemical/metabolic processes regulated by certain amino acid transporters have come to be recognized: macropinocytosis and obesity. This adds to the repertoire of biological processes that are controlled and regulated by amino acid transporters in health and disease. In the present review, we highlight the unusual involvement of selective amino acid transporters in macropinocytosis (SLC38A5/SLC38A3) and diet-induced obesity/metabolic syndrome (SLC6A19/SLC6A14/SLC6A6). MDPI 2022-01-31 /pmc/articles/PMC8961558/ /pubmed/35204736 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12020235 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Bhutia, Yangzom D.
Mathew, Marilyn
Sivaprakasam, Sathish
Ramachandran, Sabarish
Ganapathy, Vadivel
Unconventional Functions of Amino Acid Transporters: Role in Macropinocytosis (SLC38A5/SLC38A3) and Diet-Induced Obesity/Metabolic Syndrome (SLC6A19/SLC6A14/SLC6A6)
title Unconventional Functions of Amino Acid Transporters: Role in Macropinocytosis (SLC38A5/SLC38A3) and Diet-Induced Obesity/Metabolic Syndrome (SLC6A19/SLC6A14/SLC6A6)
title_full Unconventional Functions of Amino Acid Transporters: Role in Macropinocytosis (SLC38A5/SLC38A3) and Diet-Induced Obesity/Metabolic Syndrome (SLC6A19/SLC6A14/SLC6A6)
title_fullStr Unconventional Functions of Amino Acid Transporters: Role in Macropinocytosis (SLC38A5/SLC38A3) and Diet-Induced Obesity/Metabolic Syndrome (SLC6A19/SLC6A14/SLC6A6)
title_full_unstemmed Unconventional Functions of Amino Acid Transporters: Role in Macropinocytosis (SLC38A5/SLC38A3) and Diet-Induced Obesity/Metabolic Syndrome (SLC6A19/SLC6A14/SLC6A6)
title_short Unconventional Functions of Amino Acid Transporters: Role in Macropinocytosis (SLC38A5/SLC38A3) and Diet-Induced Obesity/Metabolic Syndrome (SLC6A19/SLC6A14/SLC6A6)
title_sort unconventional functions of amino acid transporters: role in macropinocytosis (slc38a5/slc38a3) and diet-induced obesity/metabolic syndrome (slc6a19/slc6a14/slc6a6)
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8961558/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35204736
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12020235
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