Gut-Selective Design of Orally Administered Izencitinib (TD-1473) Limits Systemic Exposure and Effects of Janus Kinase Inhibition in Nonclinical Species

Izencitinib (TD-1473), an oral, gut-selective pan-Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor under investigation for treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, was designed for optimal efficacy in the gastrointestinal tract while minimizing systemic exposures and JAK-related safety findings. The nonclinical safety of izencitinib was evaluated in rat and dog repeat-dose and rat and rabbit reproductive and developmental toxicity studies. Systemic exposures were compared with JAK inhibitory potency to determine effects at or above pharmacologic plasma concentrations (≥1× plasma average plasma concentration [C(ave)]:JAK 50% inhibitory concentration [IC(50)] ratio). In rats and dogs, 1000 and 30 mg/kg/day izencitinib, respectively, produced minimal systemic findings (ie, red/white cell changes) and low systemic concentrations (approximately 1× plasma C(ave):JAK IC(50) ratio) with an 8× nonclinical:clinical systemic area under the curve (AUC) margin compared with exposures at the highest clinically tested dose (300 mg, quaque die, once daily, phase 1 study in healthy volunteers). In dogs, it was possible to attain sufficient systemic exposures to result in immunosuppression characteristic of systemic JAK inhibition, but at high AUC margins (43×) compared with systemic exposures observed at the highest tested dose in humans. No adverse findings were observed in the gastrointestinal tract or systemic tissues. Izencitinib did not affect male or female fertility. Izencitinib did not affect embryonic development in rats and rabbits as commonly reported with systemic JAK inhibition, consistent with low maternal systemic concentrations (2–6× plasma C(ave):JAK IC(50) ratio, 10–33× nonclinical:clinical AUC margin) and negligible fetal exposures. In conclusion, the izencitinib gut-selective approach resulted in minimal systemic findings in nonclinical species at pharmacologic, clinically relevant systemic exposures, highlighting the impact of organ-selectivity in reducing systemic safety findings.