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Behavioral and Neuropathological Changes After Toxoplasma gondii Ocular Conjunctival Infection in BALB/c Mice
Ocular infection with Toxoplasma gondii causes toxoplasmosis in mice. However, following ocular infection with tachyzoites, the cause of the accompanying progressive changes in hippocampal-dependent tasks, and their relationship with the morphology and number of microglia, is less well understood. H...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8965508/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35372100 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.812152 |
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author | Soares, Gabrielly Lisboa da Silva de Leão, Ellen Rose Leandro Ponce Freitas, Sinara Franco Alves, Raissa Maria Carvalho Tavares, Naiana de Paula Costa, Maria Vitória Nascimento de Menezes, Gabriel Castro de Oliveira, Jhonnathan Henrique Palheta Guerreiro, Luma Cristina Ferreira de Assis, Alexa Camila Lopes Araújo, Sanderson Corrêa Franco, Felipe Tuji de Castro Anaissi, Ana Karyssa Mendes do Carmo, Ediclei Lima Morais, Rafaela dos Anjos Pinheiro Bogoevich Demachki, Samia Diniz, José Antonio Picanço Nunes, Heloisa Marceliano Anthony, Daniel C. Diniz, Daniel Guerreiro Diniz, Cristovam Wanderley Picanço |
author_facet | Soares, Gabrielly Lisboa da Silva de Leão, Ellen Rose Leandro Ponce Freitas, Sinara Franco Alves, Raissa Maria Carvalho Tavares, Naiana de Paula Costa, Maria Vitória Nascimento de Menezes, Gabriel Castro de Oliveira, Jhonnathan Henrique Palheta Guerreiro, Luma Cristina Ferreira de Assis, Alexa Camila Lopes Araújo, Sanderson Corrêa Franco, Felipe Tuji de Castro Anaissi, Ana Karyssa Mendes do Carmo, Ediclei Lima Morais, Rafaela dos Anjos Pinheiro Bogoevich Demachki, Samia Diniz, José Antonio Picanço Nunes, Heloisa Marceliano Anthony, Daniel C. Diniz, Daniel Guerreiro Diniz, Cristovam Wanderley Picanço |
author_sort | Soares, Gabrielly Lisboa da Silva |
collection | PubMed |
description | Ocular infection with Toxoplasma gondii causes toxoplasmosis in mice. However, following ocular infection with tachyzoites, the cause of the accompanying progressive changes in hippocampal-dependent tasks, and their relationship with the morphology and number of microglia, is less well understood. Here, in 6-month-old, female BALB/c mice, 5 μl of a suspension containing 48.5 × 10(6) tachyzoites/ml was introduced into the conjunctival sac; control received an equal volume of saline. Before and after instillation, all mice were subject to an olfactory discrimination (OD) test, using predator (cat) feces, and to an open-field (OF) task. After the behavioral tests, the animals were culled at either 22 or 44 days post-instillation (dpi), and the brains and retinas were dissected and processed for immunohistochemistry. The total number of Iba-1-immunolabeled microglia in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus was estimated, and three-dimensional reconstructions of the cells were evaluated. Immobility was increased in the infected group at 12, 22, and 43 dpi, but the greatest immobility was observed at 22 dpi and was associated with reduced line crossing in the OF and distance traveled. In the OD test, infected animals spent more time in the compartment with feline fecal material at 14 and at 43 dpi. No OD changes were observed in the control group. The number of microglia was increased at 22 dpi but returned to control levels by 44 dpi. These changes were associated with the differentiation of T. gondii tachyzoites into bradyzoite-enclosed cysts within the brain and retina. Thus, infection of mice with T. gondii alters exploratory behavior, gives rise to a loss in predator’s odor avoidance from 2 weeks after infection, increased microglia number, and altered their morphology in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8965508 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-89655082022-03-31 Behavioral and Neuropathological Changes After Toxoplasma gondii Ocular Conjunctival Infection in BALB/c Mice Soares, Gabrielly Lisboa da Silva de Leão, Ellen Rose Leandro Ponce Freitas, Sinara Franco Alves, Raissa Maria Carvalho Tavares, Naiana de Paula Costa, Maria Vitória Nascimento de Menezes, Gabriel Castro de Oliveira, Jhonnathan Henrique Palheta Guerreiro, Luma Cristina Ferreira de Assis, Alexa Camila Lopes Araújo, Sanderson Corrêa Franco, Felipe Tuji de Castro Anaissi, Ana Karyssa Mendes do Carmo, Ediclei Lima Morais, Rafaela dos Anjos Pinheiro Bogoevich Demachki, Samia Diniz, José Antonio Picanço Nunes, Heloisa Marceliano Anthony, Daniel C. Diniz, Daniel Guerreiro Diniz, Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Front Cell Infect Microbiol Cellular and Infection Microbiology Ocular infection with Toxoplasma gondii causes toxoplasmosis in mice. However, following ocular infection with tachyzoites, the cause of the accompanying progressive changes in hippocampal-dependent tasks, and their relationship with the morphology and number of microglia, is less well understood. Here, in 6-month-old, female BALB/c mice, 5 μl of a suspension containing 48.5 × 10(6) tachyzoites/ml was introduced into the conjunctival sac; control received an equal volume of saline. Before and after instillation, all mice were subject to an olfactory discrimination (OD) test, using predator (cat) feces, and to an open-field (OF) task. After the behavioral tests, the animals were culled at either 22 or 44 days post-instillation (dpi), and the brains and retinas were dissected and processed for immunohistochemistry. The total number of Iba-1-immunolabeled microglia in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus was estimated, and three-dimensional reconstructions of the cells were evaluated. Immobility was increased in the infected group at 12, 22, and 43 dpi, but the greatest immobility was observed at 22 dpi and was associated with reduced line crossing in the OF and distance traveled. In the OD test, infected animals spent more time in the compartment with feline fecal material at 14 and at 43 dpi. No OD changes were observed in the control group. The number of microglia was increased at 22 dpi but returned to control levels by 44 dpi. These changes were associated with the differentiation of T. gondii tachyzoites into bradyzoite-enclosed cysts within the brain and retina. Thus, infection of mice with T. gondii alters exploratory behavior, gives rise to a loss in predator’s odor avoidance from 2 weeks after infection, increased microglia number, and altered their morphology in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-03-09 /pmc/articles/PMC8965508/ /pubmed/35372100 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.812152 Text en Copyright © 2022 Soares, Leão, Freitas, Alves, Tavares, Costa, Menezes, Oliveira, Guerreiro, Assis, Araújo, Franco, Anaissi, Carmo, Morais, Demachki, Diniz, Nunes, Anthony, Diniz and Diniz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Cellular and Infection Microbiology Soares, Gabrielly Lisboa da Silva de Leão, Ellen Rose Leandro Ponce Freitas, Sinara Franco Alves, Raissa Maria Carvalho Tavares, Naiana de Paula Costa, Maria Vitória Nascimento de Menezes, Gabriel Castro de Oliveira, Jhonnathan Henrique Palheta Guerreiro, Luma Cristina Ferreira de Assis, Alexa Camila Lopes Araújo, Sanderson Corrêa Franco, Felipe Tuji de Castro Anaissi, Ana Karyssa Mendes do Carmo, Ediclei Lima Morais, Rafaela dos Anjos Pinheiro Bogoevich Demachki, Samia Diniz, José Antonio Picanço Nunes, Heloisa Marceliano Anthony, Daniel C. Diniz, Daniel Guerreiro Diniz, Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Behavioral and Neuropathological Changes After Toxoplasma gondii Ocular Conjunctival Infection in BALB/c Mice |
title | Behavioral and Neuropathological Changes After Toxoplasma gondii Ocular Conjunctival Infection in BALB/c Mice |
title_full | Behavioral and Neuropathological Changes After Toxoplasma gondii Ocular Conjunctival Infection in BALB/c Mice |
title_fullStr | Behavioral and Neuropathological Changes After Toxoplasma gondii Ocular Conjunctival Infection in BALB/c Mice |
title_full_unstemmed | Behavioral and Neuropathological Changes After Toxoplasma gondii Ocular Conjunctival Infection in BALB/c Mice |
title_short | Behavioral and Neuropathological Changes After Toxoplasma gondii Ocular Conjunctival Infection in BALB/c Mice |
title_sort | behavioral and neuropathological changes after toxoplasma gondii ocular conjunctival infection in balb/c mice |
topic | Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8965508/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35372100 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.812152 |
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