Cattaneo–Christov heat flow model for copper–water nanofluid heat transfer under Marangoni convection and slip conditions

This report is devoted to the study of the flow of MHD nanofluids through a vertical porous plate with a temperature-dependent surface tension using the Cattaneo–Christov heat flow model. The energy equation was formulated using the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model instead of Fourier’s law of heat conduction. The Tiwari–Das model was used to take into account the concentration of nanoparticles when constructing the momentum equation. The problem is described mathematically using the boundary layer approach as a PDE, which is then converted into an ODE with the help of the transformation process. The solution finding process was completed by running the bvp4c code in MATLAB. A quantitative analysis of the influence of some newly occurring parameters on physical quantities was carried out using graphics. The addition of nanoparticles to the base fluid leads to an increase in both skin friction and thermal conductivity. The increase in thermal conductivity is the advantage, while the increase in skin friction is the disadvantage of the nanoparticle concentration. Marangoni convection has proven to be one of the most cost-effective tools available that can reduce skin friction. Marangoni convection improves the heat transfer coefficient during suction but decreases the heat transfer coefficient during the injection.