Added value of combined acromiohumeral distance and critical shoulder angle measurements on conventional radiographs for the prediction of rotator cuff pathology

PURPOSE: To investigate the role of acromiohumeral distance (AHD) and critical shoulder angle (CSA) measurements from conventional radiographs (CR) in isolation and combined (prognostic index PI(AHD-CSA)) as predictors of full thickness rotator cuff tendon tears (RCT) and critical fatty degeneration (CFD; i.e. as much fat as muscle). METHOD: In this retrospective study AHD and CSA were measured in 127 CR. MR arthrograms served as reference standard and were screened for RCT and CFD. Statistical analysis for inter-reader agreement, Spearman’s rank correlation, linear stepwise regression and logistic regression for AHD and CSA with ROC analyses including PI(AHD-CSA) were performed. RESULTS: In 90 subjects (17 females, mean age 36.1 ± 14.1) no RCT were found on MR imaging and served as control group. In 37 patients (13 females, mean age 58.7 ± 13.2) ≥ one RCT was found. Inter-reader agreements rated between к = 0.42–0.82 for categorical and 0.91–0.96 for continuous variables. No significant correlation of AHD and CSA with either age or sex was seen (p = 0.28 and p = 0.74, respectively). Case group had significantly smaller mean AHD (8.7 ± 3.2 vs. 10.8 ± 2.2 mm; p < 0.001) and larger mean CSA (36.5 ± 4.5° vs. 33.1 ± 4.0°; p < 0.001). PI(AHD-CSA) increased diagnostic performance for prediction of RCT and CFD (AUC = 0.78 and 0.71), compared to isolated AHD (0.74 and 0.71) and CSA (0.71 and 0.66). CONCLUSIONS: AHD and CSA do not depend on age or sex but differ significantly between healthy and pathologic rotator cuffs. A decreased AHD is most influenced by infraspinatus muscle atrophy and fatty degeneration. Combined PI(AHD-CSA) increases diagnostic performance for predicting RCT and CFD.