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Validation of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire-8: Gender Expression and Mental Distress in the German Population in 2006 and 2018
Objectives: Mental health differences between men and women can be attributed to sex or gender. Due to absence of brief assessments, contributions of gender expressions to the mental health gap between men and women have been understudied. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a short...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8971198/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35370535 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2022.1604510 |
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author | Tibubos, Ana Nanette Otten, Daniëlle Beutel, Manfred E. Brähler, Elmar |
author_facet | Tibubos, Ana Nanette Otten, Daniëlle Beutel, Manfred E. Brähler, Elmar |
author_sort | Tibubos, Ana Nanette |
collection | PubMed |
description | Objectives: Mental health differences between men and women can be attributed to sex or gender. Due to absence of brief assessments, contributions of gender expressions to the mental health gap between men and women have been understudied. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a short screening measure of gender expression and test its associations with mental distress. Methods: German representative survey data from 2006 (N = 2,507) and 2018 (N = 2,516) were analysed. A short form of the Personality Attributes Questionnaire with 8 items (PAQ-8) was assessed to measure femininity and masculinity. Validity of the PAQ-8 was tested and associations between femininity, masculinity and mental health were examined. Results: PAQ-8 was a valid screening measure to assess gender expression. Compared to 2006, femininity increased in women and decreased in men in 2018. Higher levels of femininity and masculinity were associated with lower distress. Sex was no longer predictive for mental distress when femininity, masculinity, age and equivalised income were considered. Conclusion: Our findings support the use of gender measures, which may be more predictive of mental health than sex. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8971198 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-89711982022-04-02 Validation of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire-8: Gender Expression and Mental Distress in the German Population in 2006 and 2018 Tibubos, Ana Nanette Otten, Daniëlle Beutel, Manfred E. Brähler, Elmar Int J Public Health Public Health Archive Objectives: Mental health differences between men and women can be attributed to sex or gender. Due to absence of brief assessments, contributions of gender expressions to the mental health gap between men and women have been understudied. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a short screening measure of gender expression and test its associations with mental distress. Methods: German representative survey data from 2006 (N = 2,507) and 2018 (N = 2,516) were analysed. A short form of the Personality Attributes Questionnaire with 8 items (PAQ-8) was assessed to measure femininity and masculinity. Validity of the PAQ-8 was tested and associations between femininity, masculinity and mental health were examined. Results: PAQ-8 was a valid screening measure to assess gender expression. Compared to 2006, femininity increased in women and decreased in men in 2018. Higher levels of femininity and masculinity were associated with lower distress. Sex was no longer predictive for mental distress when femininity, masculinity, age and equivalised income were considered. Conclusion: Our findings support the use of gender measures, which may be more predictive of mental health than sex. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-03-18 /pmc/articles/PMC8971198/ /pubmed/35370535 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2022.1604510 Text en Copyright © 2022 Tibubos, Otten, Beutel and Brähler. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Public Health Archive Tibubos, Ana Nanette Otten, Daniëlle Beutel, Manfred E. Brähler, Elmar Validation of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire-8: Gender Expression and Mental Distress in the German Population in 2006 and 2018 |
title | Validation of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire-8: Gender Expression and Mental Distress in the German Population in 2006 and 2018 |
title_full | Validation of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire-8: Gender Expression and Mental Distress in the German Population in 2006 and 2018 |
title_fullStr | Validation of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire-8: Gender Expression and Mental Distress in the German Population in 2006 and 2018 |
title_full_unstemmed | Validation of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire-8: Gender Expression and Mental Distress in the German Population in 2006 and 2018 |
title_short | Validation of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire-8: Gender Expression and Mental Distress in the German Population in 2006 and 2018 |
title_sort | validation of the personal attributes questionnaire-8: gender expression and mental distress in the german population in 2006 and 2018 |
topic | Public Health Archive |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8971198/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35370535 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2022.1604510 |
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