Emodin relieves the inflammation and pyroptosis of lipopolysaccharide-treated 1321N1 cells by regulating methyltransferase-like 3 -mediated NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 expression

Sepsis brain injury (SBI) is a major cause of death in critically ill patients. The present study aimed to investigate the role of emodin in SBI development. Human astrocyte 1321N1 cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish an SBI model in vitro. Flow cytometry was performed to measure the cell pyroptosis. The protein expression levels of syndecan-1 (SDC-1), NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), Caspase-1, and the N-terminal fragment of gasdermin D (GSDMD-N) were measured using Western blotting. Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels in cells were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) modification was analyzed using the methylated RNA immunoprecipitation assay. NLRP3 activator, nigericin, was used to overexpress NLRP3. LPS treatment significantly enhanced the pyroptosis in 1321N1 cells, increased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and decreased the levels of IL-10. The protein expression levels of NLRP3, SDC-1, GSDMD-N, and Caspase-1 were also increased. Emodin treatment decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NLRP3, SDC-1, GSDMD-N, and Caspase-1, while increasing the levels of IL-10 in LPS-treated 1321N1 cells. Nigericin reversed the effects of emodin. Furthermore, emodin upregulated m(6)A levels in NLRP3 by increasing the expression of methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3). Meanwhile, knockdown of METTL3 reversed the effects of emodin on the mRNA expression and stability of NLRP3. Therefore, emodin inhibits the inflammation and pyroptosis of LPS-treated 1321N1 cells by inactivating METTL3-mediated NLRP3 expression.