PM(2.5) decadal data in cold vs. mild climate airports: COVID-19 era and a call for sustainable air quality policy

Airports are identified hotspots for air pollution, notably for fine particles (PM(2.5)) that are pivotal in aerosol-cloud interaction processes of climate change and human health. We herein studied the field observation and statistical analysis of 10-year data of PM(2.5) and selected emitted co-pollutants (CO, NO(x), and O(3)), in the vicinity of three major Canadian airports, with moderate to cold climates. The decadal data analysis indicated that in colder climate airports, pollutants like PM(2.5) and CO accumulate disproportionally to their emissions in fall and winter, in comparison to airports in milder climates. Decadal daily averages and standard errors of PM(2.5) concentrations were as follows: Vancouver, 5.31 ± 0.017; Toronto, 6.71 ± 0.199; and Montreal, 7.52 ± 0.023 μg/m(3). The smallest and the coldest airport with the least flights/passengers had the highest PM(2.5) concentration. QQQ-ICP-MS/MS and HR-S/TEM analysis of aerosols near Montreal Airport indicated a wide range of emerging contaminants (Cd, Mo, Co, As, Ni, Cr, and Pb) ranging from 0.90 to 622 μg/L, which were also observed in the atmosphere. During the lockdown, a pronounced decrease in the concentrations of PM(2.5) and submicron particles, including nanoparticles(,) in residential areas close to airports was observed, conforming with the recommended workplace health thresholds (~ 2 × 10(4) cm(−3)), while before the lockdown, condensable particles were up to ~ 1 × 10(5) cm(−3). Targeted reduction of PM(2.5) emission is recommended for cold climate regions. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-022-19708-8.