Correlation between intestinal flora disruption and protein–energy wasting in patients with end-stage renal disease

BACKGROUND: Different dialysis treatments may affect the composition and structure of the intestinal flora of dialysis-treated chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This study aimed to analyze the correlations between the different flora and the nutritional indexes and further explore the potential metabolic pathways in patients with CKD in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). METHODS: Altogether, 102 patients with ESRD were recruited and categorized into the hemodialysis (HD) group (N = 49) and the peritoneal dialysis (PD) group (N = 53). Their biochemical indexes, anthropometric indicators, and inflammatory markers were determined. The total genomic DNA was extracted for 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis was employed for functional analysis. RESULTS: Anthropometric indicators, including handgrip strength, mid-upper arm circumference, mid-upper arm muscle circumference, and body mass index, in the HD and PD groups showed a positive correlation with butyric acid-producing bacteria (Rosella and Phascolarctobacterium) and a negative correlation with conditional pathogens (Escherichia spp.). Meanwhile, the inflammatory markers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, were significantly higher in the PD-protein–energy wasting (PEW) group than in the PD-non-protein–energy wasting (NPEW) group; although they showed an increasing trend in the HD-PEW group, no significant difference was noted. Rosella was considerably scarce in the HD-PEW group than in the HD-NPEW group, whereas Escherichia was substantially more abundant in the PD-PEW group than in the PD-NPEW group. Compared with the HD group, the essential amino acid synthesis pathway, amino acid metabolism-related enzyme pathways, and aminoacyl-transfer RNA biosynthesis pathways were weakened in the PD group. Most carbohydrate metabolic pathways were weakened, although the tricarboxylic acid cycle was slightly enhanced. Concurrently, the fatty acid metabolism was enhanced, whereas fatty acid synthesis was weakened; the metabolic pathways of B vitamins were also weakened. These potential metabolic pathways of the various compounds released by intestinal flora showed a significant correlation with blood biochemical indexes, anthropometric indicators, and inflammatory markers. CONCLUSION: In patients with ESRD, different dialysis treatments affected the abundance of butyric acid-producing bacteria (Rosella and Phascolarctobacterium) and conditional pathogens (Escherichia spp.). Butyric acid-producing bacteria showed a positive correlation with PEW and showed a negative correlation with Escherichia. Improving the intestinal diversity and increasing the amount of butyric acid-producing bacteria, such as Blautella, Faecococcus, and Phascolarctobacterium, are potential therapeutic approaches to enhance protein–energy consumption in patients with ESRD.