Impairing memory reconsolidation with propranolol in healthy and clinical samples: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Reconsolidation impairment using propranolol is a novel intervention for mental disorders with an emotional memory at their core. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we examined the evidence for this intervention in healthy and clinical adult samples. METHODS: We searched 8 databases for randomized, double-blind studies that involved at least 1 propranolol group and 1 placebo group. We conducted a meta-analysis of 14 studies (n = 478) in healthy adults and 12 studies in clinical samples (n = 446). RESULTS: Compared to placebo, reconsolidation impairment under propranolol resulted in reduced recall of aversive material and cue-elicited conditioned emotional responses in healthy adults, as evidenced by an effect size (Hedges g) of −0.51 (p = 0.002, 2-tailed). Moreover, compared to placebo, reconsolidation impairment under propranolol alleviated psychiatric symptoms and reduced cue-elicited reactivity in clinical samples with posttraumatic stress disorder, addiction or phobia (g = −0.42, p = 0.010). LIMITATIONS: Methodological differences between studies posed an obstacle for identifying sources of heterogeneity. CONCLUSION: Reconsolidation impairment is a robust, well-replicated phenomenon in humans. Its clinical use is promising and deserves further controlled investigation.