Apatinib inhibits tumour progression and promotes antitumour efficacy of cytotoxic drugs in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Apatinib, a highly selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2 (VEGFR‐2), inhibits the angiogenesis of tumours. The function and mechanism of apatinib in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain unknown. In present study, we found that the development of ESCC in patients was controlled by treatment of combination of apatinib and a chemotherapeutic drug. Moreover, apatinib efficiently promotes cell apoptosis, inhibits cell proliferation, invasion, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and activity of the Akt/mTOR pathway in ESCC cells. Western blot analysis showed that apatinib significantly increased vimentin protein levels, decreased Bcl2, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), E‐cadherin, p‐Akt and p‐mTOR protein levels in ESCC cells. Furthermore, apatinib enhanced chemosensitivity of cytotoxic drugs paclitaxel (TAX), 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and cisplatin (DDP) by upregulating expression of vimentin protein, and downregulating expression of Bcl2, MMP9 and E‐cadherin protein in vitro. Compared with single‐agent groups, the combination of apatinib with each chemotherapeutic drug significantly repressed tumour growth and angiogenesis through blocking the expression of Ki67 and VEGFR‐2 in vivo. Taken together, apatinib efficiently inhibits cell growth through blocking Bcl2 and Akt/mTOR pathway, and suppresses metastasis via inhibiting MMP9 and EMT in ESCC cells. Apatinib promoted antitumour effect of chemotherapeutic agents through promoting cell apoptosis and inhibiting EMT and angiogenesis in ESCC.