Unveiling the charge transfer behavior within ZSM-5 and carbon nitride composites for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

ZSM-5/graphitic carbon nitride (g-C(3)N(4)) composites were successfully prepared using a simple solvothermal method. By varying the amount of ZSM-5 and g-C(3)N(4) in the composites, the charge carrier (electrons and holes) transfer within the materials, which contributes to the enhanced photocatalytic performance, was unraveled. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that more ZSM-5 component leads to a stronger interaction with g-C(3)N(4). The photocatalytic performance test toward methylene blue (MB) degradation shows that more ZSM-5 in the composites is beneficial in enhancing photocatalytic activity. Meanwhile, the impedance electron spectroscopy (EIS) and photoluminescence (PL) analysis revealed that ZSM-5 facilitates the charge carrier transfer of photogenerated electrons and holes from g-C(3)N(4) to the catalyst surface due to its lower charge transfer resistance. During the charge carrier migration, the interface between g-C(3)N(4) and ZSM-5 particles may induce higher resistance for the charge carrier transfer, however after passing through the interface from g-C(3)N(4) to ZSM-5 particles, the charge carrier can be efficiently transferred to the surface, hence suppressing the charge carrier recombination.