SnO(2)–Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposites for the photodegradation of the Congo red dye

Synthesis of SnO(2)–Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposites was conducted. The purpose of this study was to obtain the SnO(2)–Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposites, the effectiveness of photodegradation Congo red by SnO(2)–Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposites and determine the kinetics of photodegradation. The XRD analysis showed that the SnO(2)–Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposite best mass ratio was 1:1 based on the highest intensity of characteristic angle (2θ), which is 26.54° and had the smallest crystal size, which is 9.662 nm. Based on the UV-Vis DRS result, the SnO(2)–Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposites bandgap value was 2.3 eV. The magnetization saturation value of SnO(2)–Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposites was 64.96 emu/g. The morphology of SnO(2)–Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposites showed by the TEM image, where the dark spots spread in the lighter areas. The surface of SnO(2)–Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposites characterized by SEM with the result was bumpy surface and many pores. The EDS result of SnO(2)–Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposites confirmed the presence of Fe, Sn, and O elements. The functional group of SnO(2)–Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposites showed by FTIR data, the stretch band of Sn–O characteristics showed at wavenumber 590 cm(−1), and the stretch band of Fe–O showed at wavenumber 563 cm(−1). The optimum condition of nanocomposites at a contact time of 90 min and the optimum concentration of 18 mg/L showed that the percent of photodegradation was 50.76%. The photodegradation rate of SnO(2)–Fe(3)O(4) was fitted to Pseudo-second-order.