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Uncovering Novel Viral Innate Immune Evasion Strategies: What Has SARS-CoV-2 Taught Us?

The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has tested the capabilities of public health and scientific community. Since the dawn of the twenty-first century, viruses have caused several outbreaks, with coronaviruses being responsible for 2: SARS-CoV in 2007 and MERS-CoV in 2013. As the border between wildlife...

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Autores principales: Tay, Douglas Jie Wen, Lew, Zhe Zhang Ryan, Chu, Justin Jang Hann, Tan, Kai Sen
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8984613/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35401477
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.844447
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author Tay, Douglas Jie Wen
Lew, Zhe Zhang Ryan
Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Tan, Kai Sen
author_facet Tay, Douglas Jie Wen
Lew, Zhe Zhang Ryan
Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Tan, Kai Sen
author_sort Tay, Douglas Jie Wen
collection PubMed
description The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has tested the capabilities of public health and scientific community. Since the dawn of the twenty-first century, viruses have caused several outbreaks, with coronaviruses being responsible for 2: SARS-CoV in 2007 and MERS-CoV in 2013. As the border between wildlife and the urban population continue to shrink, it is highly likely that zoonotic viruses may emerge more frequently. Furthermore, it has been shown repeatedly that these viruses are able to efficiently evade the innate immune system through various strategies. The strong and abundant antiviral innate immunity evasion strategies shown by SARS-CoV-2 has laid out shortcomings in our approach to quickly identify and modulate these mechanisms. It is thus imperative that there be a systematic framework for the study of the immune evasion strategies of these viruses, to guide development of therapeutics and curtail transmission. In this review, we first provide a brief overview of general viral evasion strategies against the innate immune system. Then, we utilize SARS-CoV-2 as a case study to highlight the methods used to identify the mechanisms of innate immune evasion, and pinpoint the shortcomings in the current paradigm with its focus on overexpression and protein-protein interactions. Finally, we provide a recommendation for future work to unravel viral innate immune evasion strategies and suitable methods to aid in the study of virus-host interactions. The insights provided from this review may then be applied to other viruses with outbreak potential to remain ahead in the arms race against viral diseases.
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spelling pubmed-89846132022-04-07 Uncovering Novel Viral Innate Immune Evasion Strategies: What Has SARS-CoV-2 Taught Us? Tay, Douglas Jie Wen Lew, Zhe Zhang Ryan Chu, Justin Jang Hann Tan, Kai Sen Front Microbiol Microbiology The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has tested the capabilities of public health and scientific community. Since the dawn of the twenty-first century, viruses have caused several outbreaks, with coronaviruses being responsible for 2: SARS-CoV in 2007 and MERS-CoV in 2013. As the border between wildlife and the urban population continue to shrink, it is highly likely that zoonotic viruses may emerge more frequently. Furthermore, it has been shown repeatedly that these viruses are able to efficiently evade the innate immune system through various strategies. The strong and abundant antiviral innate immunity evasion strategies shown by SARS-CoV-2 has laid out shortcomings in our approach to quickly identify and modulate these mechanisms. It is thus imperative that there be a systematic framework for the study of the immune evasion strategies of these viruses, to guide development of therapeutics and curtail transmission. In this review, we first provide a brief overview of general viral evasion strategies against the innate immune system. Then, we utilize SARS-CoV-2 as a case study to highlight the methods used to identify the mechanisms of innate immune evasion, and pinpoint the shortcomings in the current paradigm with its focus on overexpression and protein-protein interactions. Finally, we provide a recommendation for future work to unravel viral innate immune evasion strategies and suitable methods to aid in the study of virus-host interactions. The insights provided from this review may then be applied to other viruses with outbreak potential to remain ahead in the arms race against viral diseases. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-03-23 /pmc/articles/PMC8984613/ /pubmed/35401477 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.844447 Text en Copyright © 2022 Tay, Lew, Chu and Tan. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Microbiology
Tay, Douglas Jie Wen
Lew, Zhe Zhang Ryan
Chu, Justin Jang Hann
Tan, Kai Sen
Uncovering Novel Viral Innate Immune Evasion Strategies: What Has SARS-CoV-2 Taught Us?
title Uncovering Novel Viral Innate Immune Evasion Strategies: What Has SARS-CoV-2 Taught Us?
title_full Uncovering Novel Viral Innate Immune Evasion Strategies: What Has SARS-CoV-2 Taught Us?
title_fullStr Uncovering Novel Viral Innate Immune Evasion Strategies: What Has SARS-CoV-2 Taught Us?
title_full_unstemmed Uncovering Novel Viral Innate Immune Evasion Strategies: What Has SARS-CoV-2 Taught Us?
title_short Uncovering Novel Viral Innate Immune Evasion Strategies: What Has SARS-CoV-2 Taught Us?
title_sort uncovering novel viral innate immune evasion strategies: what has sars-cov-2 taught us?
topic Microbiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8984613/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35401477
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.844447
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