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The Multispecialty Toxin: A Literature Review of Botulinum Toxin
Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is a potent biological exotoxin produced from Clostridium botulinum. Although it was first used therapeutically to treat strabismus, its clinical role has since expanded rapidly over the years to include treatment of a variety of head and neck, gastrointestinal, urogenital, mu...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8987218/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35402123 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000004228 |
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author | Bach, Karen Simman, Richard |
author_facet | Bach, Karen Simman, Richard |
author_sort | Bach, Karen |
collection | PubMed |
description | Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is a potent biological exotoxin produced from Clostridium botulinum. Although it was first used therapeutically to treat strabismus, its clinical role has since expanded rapidly over the years to include treatment of a variety of head and neck, gastrointestinal, urogenital, musculoskeletal, neurological, dermatological, and cosmetic disorders. The main purpose of this review is to provide a brief updated overview of the history, mechanism of action, and clinical applications of BoNT therapy across multiple medical specialties, including the most common adverse effects and recommended Botox dosages. METHODS: A literature review was conducted in the PubMed database limited to English language articles. Specific search terms related to botulinum toxin in combination with various subspecialty fields were used, and relevant articles were identified and analyzed. The reference section for each article was also searched to find additional articles. RESULTS: BoNT is a powerful therapeutic tool and has a vast array of clinical uses in many specialties, including ophthalmology, neurology, plastic surgery, dermatology, orthopedic, gastrointestinal, gynecology, urology, and rheumatology. Due to its chemodenervation effects at the presynaptic nerve terminal, it is useful in treatments of disorders characterized by abnormal inappropriate muscle contractions. CONCLUSIONS: BoNT has many clinical applications in several medical specialties. Future studies should focus on any additional indications of BoNT therapy as they arise and on any novel product developments. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8987218 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-89872182022-04-07 The Multispecialty Toxin: A Literature Review of Botulinum Toxin Bach, Karen Simman, Richard Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open Cosmetic Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is a potent biological exotoxin produced from Clostridium botulinum. Although it was first used therapeutically to treat strabismus, its clinical role has since expanded rapidly over the years to include treatment of a variety of head and neck, gastrointestinal, urogenital, musculoskeletal, neurological, dermatological, and cosmetic disorders. The main purpose of this review is to provide a brief updated overview of the history, mechanism of action, and clinical applications of BoNT therapy across multiple medical specialties, including the most common adverse effects and recommended Botox dosages. METHODS: A literature review was conducted in the PubMed database limited to English language articles. Specific search terms related to botulinum toxin in combination with various subspecialty fields were used, and relevant articles were identified and analyzed. The reference section for each article was also searched to find additional articles. RESULTS: BoNT is a powerful therapeutic tool and has a vast array of clinical uses in many specialties, including ophthalmology, neurology, plastic surgery, dermatology, orthopedic, gastrointestinal, gynecology, urology, and rheumatology. Due to its chemodenervation effects at the presynaptic nerve terminal, it is useful in treatments of disorders characterized by abnormal inappropriate muscle contractions. CONCLUSIONS: BoNT has many clinical applications in several medical specialties. Future studies should focus on any additional indications of BoNT therapy as they arise and on any novel product developments. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2022-04-06 /pmc/articles/PMC8987218/ /pubmed/35402123 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000004228 Text en Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The American Society of Plastic Surgeons. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) , where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. |
spellingShingle | Cosmetic Bach, Karen Simman, Richard The Multispecialty Toxin: A Literature Review of Botulinum Toxin |
title | The Multispecialty Toxin: A Literature Review of Botulinum Toxin |
title_full | The Multispecialty Toxin: A Literature Review of Botulinum Toxin |
title_fullStr | The Multispecialty Toxin: A Literature Review of Botulinum Toxin |
title_full_unstemmed | The Multispecialty Toxin: A Literature Review of Botulinum Toxin |
title_short | The Multispecialty Toxin: A Literature Review of Botulinum Toxin |
title_sort | multispecialty toxin: a literature review of botulinum toxin |
topic | Cosmetic |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8987218/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35402123 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000004228 |
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