Post-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy Cytomegalovirus Retinitis

The purpose of this case report was to present a case of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in a patient with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) post-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. A 43-year-old female patient who was complaining of metamorphopsia and sudden blurring in the vision of her left eye was referred to the ophthalmology department. The patient had DLBCL and was started on systemic chemotherapy, which showed no response to therapy and disease progression. Therefore, she was diagnosed with primary refractory DLBCL and treated with CAR T-cell therapy. The visual acuity of the left eye was 20/25 in the left eye on the Snellen visual acuity chart. The dilated fundus examination of the left eye demonstrated a diffuse yellowish retinal infiltration radiating from the optic disc involving the inferior macula and inferotemporal arcade. A color fundus image of the left eye showed a creamy infiltrate involving the inferior half of the macula sparing the fovea with subtle small white lesions in the midperiphery. Horizontal cross-section optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the macula of the left eye showed islands of destruction of all the retinal layers, which are replaced with moderately hyperreflective material; these infiltrates spare the fovea but with subfoveal fluid. Further systemic evaluation indicated CMV viremia reactivation and an absolute CD4+ cells count of 13 cells/mcL. Thus, she was diagnosed with CMV retinitis. After three days of the initial presentation, she received the first intravitreal ganciclovir injection; 17 days after presentation, she received five intravitreal ganciclovir injections. The patient responded well to intravitreal ganciclovir therapy. She regained very good vision, and the visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes. Early recognition and initiation of proper treatment are crucial. Thus, any visual complaints in patients with immunodeficiency should be taken seriously and should be further assessed. As the right eye had retinal scaring indicating previous retinitis, prophylactic treatment with ganciclovir could have been used to reduce the risk of retinitis development in the left eye.