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New approaches for the quantification and targeting of noradrenergic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease

There is clear, early noradrenergic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. This is likely secondary to pathological tau deposition in the locus coeruleus, the pontine nucleus that produces and releases noradrenaline, prior to involvement of cortical brain regions. Disruption of noradrenergic pathw...

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Autores principales: David, Michael, Malhotra, Paresh A.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8994981/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35293158
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acn3.51539
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author David, Michael
Malhotra, Paresh A.
author_facet David, Michael
Malhotra, Paresh A.
author_sort David, Michael
collection PubMed
description There is clear, early noradrenergic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. This is likely secondary to pathological tau deposition in the locus coeruleus, the pontine nucleus that produces and releases noradrenaline, prior to involvement of cortical brain regions. Disruption of noradrenergic pathways affects cognition, especially attention, impacting memory and broader functioning. Additionally, it leads to autonomic and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Despite the strong evidence of noradrenergic involvement in Alzheimer's, there are no clear trial data supporting the clinical use of any noradrenergic treatments. Several approaches have been tried, including proof‐of‐principle studies and (mostly small scale) randomised controlled trials. Treatments have included pharmacotherapies as well as stimulation. The lack of clear positive findings is likely secondary to limitations in gauging locus coeruleus integrity and dysfunction at an individual level. However, the recent development of several novel biomarkers holds potential and should allow quantification of dysfunction. This may then inform inclusion criteria and stratification for future trials. Imaging approaches have improved greatly following the development of neuromelanin‐sensitive sequences, enabling the use of structural MRI to estimate locus coeruleus integrity. Additionally, functional MRI scanning has the potential to quantify network dysfunction. As well as neuroimaging, EEG, fluid biomarkers and pupillometry techniques may prove useful in assessing noradrenergic tone. Here, we review the development of these biomarkers and how they might augment clinical studies, particularly randomised trials, through identification of patients most likely to benefit from treatment. We outline the biomarkers with most potential, and how they may transform symptomatic therapy for people living with Alzheimer's disease.
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spelling pubmed-89949812022-04-15 New approaches for the quantification and targeting of noradrenergic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease David, Michael Malhotra, Paresh A. Ann Clin Transl Neurol Review There is clear, early noradrenergic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. This is likely secondary to pathological tau deposition in the locus coeruleus, the pontine nucleus that produces and releases noradrenaline, prior to involvement of cortical brain regions. Disruption of noradrenergic pathways affects cognition, especially attention, impacting memory and broader functioning. Additionally, it leads to autonomic and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Despite the strong evidence of noradrenergic involvement in Alzheimer's, there are no clear trial data supporting the clinical use of any noradrenergic treatments. Several approaches have been tried, including proof‐of‐principle studies and (mostly small scale) randomised controlled trials. Treatments have included pharmacotherapies as well as stimulation. The lack of clear positive findings is likely secondary to limitations in gauging locus coeruleus integrity and dysfunction at an individual level. However, the recent development of several novel biomarkers holds potential and should allow quantification of dysfunction. This may then inform inclusion criteria and stratification for future trials. Imaging approaches have improved greatly following the development of neuromelanin‐sensitive sequences, enabling the use of structural MRI to estimate locus coeruleus integrity. Additionally, functional MRI scanning has the potential to quantify network dysfunction. As well as neuroimaging, EEG, fluid biomarkers and pupillometry techniques may prove useful in assessing noradrenergic tone. Here, we review the development of these biomarkers and how they might augment clinical studies, particularly randomised trials, through identification of patients most likely to benefit from treatment. We outline the biomarkers with most potential, and how they may transform symptomatic therapy for people living with Alzheimer's disease. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2022-03-15 /pmc/articles/PMC8994981/ /pubmed/35293158 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acn3.51539 Text en © 2022 The Authors. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Neurological Association. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Review
David, Michael
Malhotra, Paresh A.
New approaches for the quantification and targeting of noradrenergic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease
title New approaches for the quantification and targeting of noradrenergic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease
title_full New approaches for the quantification and targeting of noradrenergic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease
title_fullStr New approaches for the quantification and targeting of noradrenergic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease
title_full_unstemmed New approaches for the quantification and targeting of noradrenergic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease
title_short New approaches for the quantification and targeting of noradrenergic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease
title_sort new approaches for the quantification and targeting of noradrenergic dysfunction in alzheimer's disease
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8994981/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35293158
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acn3.51539
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