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A sleep schedule incorporating naps benefits the transformation of hierarchical knowledge
STUDY OBJECTIVES: The learning brain establishes schemas (knowledge structures) that benefit subsequent learning. We investigated how sleep and having a schema might benefit initial learning followed by rearranged and expanded memoranda. We concurrently examined the contributions of sleep spindles a...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Oxford University Press
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8996033/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35090173 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac025 |
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author | Aghayan Golkashani, Hosein Leong, Ruth L F Ghorbani, Shohreh Ong, Ju Lynn Fernández, Guillén Chee, Michael W L |
author_facet | Aghayan Golkashani, Hosein Leong, Ruth L F Ghorbani, Shohreh Ong, Ju Lynn Fernández, Guillén Chee, Michael W L |
author_sort | Aghayan Golkashani, Hosein |
collection | PubMed |
description | STUDY OBJECTIVES: The learning brain establishes schemas (knowledge structures) that benefit subsequent learning. We investigated how sleep and having a schema might benefit initial learning followed by rearranged and expanded memoranda. We concurrently examined the contributions of sleep spindles and slow-wave sleep to learning outcomes. METHODS: Fifty-three adolescents were randomly assigned to an 8 h Nap schedule (6.5 h nocturnal sleep with a 90-minute daytime nap) or an 8 h No-Nap, nocturnal-only sleep schedule. The study spanned 14 nights, simulating successive school weeks. We utilized a transitive inference task involving hierarchically ordered faces. Initial learning to set up the schema was followed by rearrangement of the hierarchy (accommodation) and hierarchy expansion (assimilation). The expanded sequence was restudied. Recall of hierarchical knowledge was tested after initial learning and at multiple points for all subsequent phases. As a control, both groups underwent a No-schema condition where the hierarchy was introduced and modified without opportunity to set up a schema. Electroencephalography accompanied the multiple sleep opportunities. RESULTS: There were main effects of Nap schedule and Schema condition evidenced by superior recall of initial learning, reordered and expanded memoranda. Improved recall was consistently associated with higher fast spindle density but not slow-wave measures. This was true for both nocturnal sleep and daytime naps. CONCLUSION: A sleep schedule incorporating regular nap opportunities compared to one that only had nocturnal sleep benefited building of robust and flexible schemas, facilitating recall of the subsequently rearranged and expanded structured knowledge. These benefits appear to be strongly associated with fast spindles. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04044885 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04044885). |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8996033 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Oxford University Press |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-89960332022-04-12 A sleep schedule incorporating naps benefits the transformation of hierarchical knowledge Aghayan Golkashani, Hosein Leong, Ruth L F Ghorbani, Shohreh Ong, Ju Lynn Fernández, Guillén Chee, Michael W L Sleep Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience of Sleep STUDY OBJECTIVES: The learning brain establishes schemas (knowledge structures) that benefit subsequent learning. We investigated how sleep and having a schema might benefit initial learning followed by rearranged and expanded memoranda. We concurrently examined the contributions of sleep spindles and slow-wave sleep to learning outcomes. METHODS: Fifty-three adolescents were randomly assigned to an 8 h Nap schedule (6.5 h nocturnal sleep with a 90-minute daytime nap) or an 8 h No-Nap, nocturnal-only sleep schedule. The study spanned 14 nights, simulating successive school weeks. We utilized a transitive inference task involving hierarchically ordered faces. Initial learning to set up the schema was followed by rearrangement of the hierarchy (accommodation) and hierarchy expansion (assimilation). The expanded sequence was restudied. Recall of hierarchical knowledge was tested after initial learning and at multiple points for all subsequent phases. As a control, both groups underwent a No-schema condition where the hierarchy was introduced and modified without opportunity to set up a schema. Electroencephalography accompanied the multiple sleep opportunities. RESULTS: There were main effects of Nap schedule and Schema condition evidenced by superior recall of initial learning, reordered and expanded memoranda. Improved recall was consistently associated with higher fast spindle density but not slow-wave measures. This was true for both nocturnal sleep and daytime naps. CONCLUSION: A sleep schedule incorporating regular nap opportunities compared to one that only had nocturnal sleep benefited building of robust and flexible schemas, facilitating recall of the subsequently rearranged and expanded structured knowledge. These benefits appear to be strongly associated with fast spindles. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04044885 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04044885). Oxford University Press 2022-01-28 /pmc/articles/PMC8996033/ /pubmed/35090173 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac025 Text en © Sleep Research Society 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com |
spellingShingle | Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience of Sleep Aghayan Golkashani, Hosein Leong, Ruth L F Ghorbani, Shohreh Ong, Ju Lynn Fernández, Guillén Chee, Michael W L A sleep schedule incorporating naps benefits the transformation of hierarchical knowledge |
title | A sleep schedule incorporating naps benefits the transformation of hierarchical knowledge |
title_full | A sleep schedule incorporating naps benefits the transformation of hierarchical knowledge |
title_fullStr | A sleep schedule incorporating naps benefits the transformation of hierarchical knowledge |
title_full_unstemmed | A sleep schedule incorporating naps benefits the transformation of hierarchical knowledge |
title_short | A sleep schedule incorporating naps benefits the transformation of hierarchical knowledge |
title_sort | sleep schedule incorporating naps benefits the transformation of hierarchical knowledge |
topic | Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience of Sleep |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8996033/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35090173 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac025 |
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