Effect of Antihypertensive Treatment on Cerebral Blood Flow in Older Adults: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND: In older age, the benefits of antihypertensive treatment (AHT) become less evident, with greater associated risk. Of particular concern is compromising cerebral blood flow (CBF), especially in those with cognitive impairment. METHODS: We created a synthesis of the published evidence by searching multiple electronic databases from 1970 to May 2021. Included studies had participants with mean age ≥50 years, hypertension or cognitive impairment, and assessed CBF before and after initiating AHT. Two authors independently determined eligibility and extracted data. Study quality was assessed using The Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions tool. We summarized study characteristics (qualitative synthesis) and performed random-effects meta-analyses (quantitative synthesis). RESULTS: Thirty-two studies (total n=1306) were included, of which 23 were eligible for meta-analysis. In line with the qualitative synthesis, the meta-analysis indicated no effect of AHT initiation on CBF (standardized mean difference, 0.08 [95% CI, −0.07 to 0.22]; P=0.31, I(2)=42%). This was consistent across subgroups of acute versus chronic AHT, drug class, study design, and CBF measurement. Subgroups by age demonstrated an increase in CBF after AHT in those aged >70 years (standardized mean difference, 4.15 [95% CI, 0.16–8.15]; P=0.04, I(2)=42%), but not in those aged 50 to 65 and 65 to 70 years (standardized mean difference, 0.18 [95% CI,−2.02 to 2.38]; P=0.87, I(2)=49%; standardized mean difference, 1.22 [95% CI, −0.45 to 2.88]; P=0.15, I(2)=68%). Overall, risk of bias was moderate-to-high and quality of evidence (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) was very low, reflecting the observational nature of the data. CONCLUSIONS: Accepting the observed limitations, current evidence does not suggest a harmful effect of AHT on CBF. Concerns over CBF should not preclude treatment of hypertension.