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Myosteatosis in Cirrhosis: A Review of Diagnosis, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Potential Interventions

Myosteatosis, or pathological excess fat accumulation in muscle, has been widely defined as a lower mean skeletal muscle radiodensity on computed tomography (CT). It is reported in more than half of patients with cirrhosis, and preliminary studies have shown a possible association with reduced survi...

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Autores principales: Ebadi, Maryam, Tsien, Cynthia, Bhanji, Rahima A., Dunichand-Hoedl, Abha R., Rider, Elora, Motamedrad, Maryam, Mazurak, Vera C., Baracos, Vickie, Montano-Loza, Aldo J.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8997850/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35406780
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11071216
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author Ebadi, Maryam
Tsien, Cynthia
Bhanji, Rahima A.
Dunichand-Hoedl, Abha R.
Rider, Elora
Motamedrad, Maryam
Mazurak, Vera C.
Baracos, Vickie
Montano-Loza, Aldo J.
author_facet Ebadi, Maryam
Tsien, Cynthia
Bhanji, Rahima A.
Dunichand-Hoedl, Abha R.
Rider, Elora
Motamedrad, Maryam
Mazurak, Vera C.
Baracos, Vickie
Montano-Loza, Aldo J.
author_sort Ebadi, Maryam
collection PubMed
description Myosteatosis, or pathological excess fat accumulation in muscle, has been widely defined as a lower mean skeletal muscle radiodensity on computed tomography (CT). It is reported in more than half of patients with cirrhosis, and preliminary studies have shown a possible association with reduced survival and increased risk of portal hypertension complications. Despite the clinical implications in cirrhosis, a standardized definition for myosteatosis has not yet been established. Currently, little data exist on the mechanisms by which excess lipid accumulates within the muscle in individuals with cirrhosis. Hyperammonemia may play an important role in the pathophysiology of myosteatosis in this setting. Insulin resistance, impaired mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, diminished lipid oxidation in muscle and age-related differentiation of muscle stem cells into adipocytes have been also been suggested as potential mechanisms contributing to myosteatosis. The metabolic consequence of ammonia-lowering treatments and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in reversing myosteatosis in cirrhosis remains uncertain. Factors including the population of interest, design and sample size, single/combined treatment, dosing and duration of treatment are important considerations for future trials aiming to prevent or treat myosteatosis in individuals with cirrhosis.
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spelling pubmed-89978502022-04-12 Myosteatosis in Cirrhosis: A Review of Diagnosis, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Potential Interventions Ebadi, Maryam Tsien, Cynthia Bhanji, Rahima A. Dunichand-Hoedl, Abha R. Rider, Elora Motamedrad, Maryam Mazurak, Vera C. Baracos, Vickie Montano-Loza, Aldo J. Cells Review Myosteatosis, or pathological excess fat accumulation in muscle, has been widely defined as a lower mean skeletal muscle radiodensity on computed tomography (CT). It is reported in more than half of patients with cirrhosis, and preliminary studies have shown a possible association with reduced survival and increased risk of portal hypertension complications. Despite the clinical implications in cirrhosis, a standardized definition for myosteatosis has not yet been established. Currently, little data exist on the mechanisms by which excess lipid accumulates within the muscle in individuals with cirrhosis. Hyperammonemia may play an important role in the pathophysiology of myosteatosis in this setting. Insulin resistance, impaired mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, diminished lipid oxidation in muscle and age-related differentiation of muscle stem cells into adipocytes have been also been suggested as potential mechanisms contributing to myosteatosis. The metabolic consequence of ammonia-lowering treatments and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in reversing myosteatosis in cirrhosis remains uncertain. Factors including the population of interest, design and sample size, single/combined treatment, dosing and duration of treatment are important considerations for future trials aiming to prevent or treat myosteatosis in individuals with cirrhosis. MDPI 2022-04-04 /pmc/articles/PMC8997850/ /pubmed/35406780 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11071216 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Ebadi, Maryam
Tsien, Cynthia
Bhanji, Rahima A.
Dunichand-Hoedl, Abha R.
Rider, Elora
Motamedrad, Maryam
Mazurak, Vera C.
Baracos, Vickie
Montano-Loza, Aldo J.
Myosteatosis in Cirrhosis: A Review of Diagnosis, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Potential Interventions
title Myosteatosis in Cirrhosis: A Review of Diagnosis, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Potential Interventions
title_full Myosteatosis in Cirrhosis: A Review of Diagnosis, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Potential Interventions
title_fullStr Myosteatosis in Cirrhosis: A Review of Diagnosis, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Potential Interventions
title_full_unstemmed Myosteatosis in Cirrhosis: A Review of Diagnosis, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Potential Interventions
title_short Myosteatosis in Cirrhosis: A Review of Diagnosis, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Potential Interventions
title_sort myosteatosis in cirrhosis: a review of diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms and potential interventions
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8997850/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35406780
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11071216
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