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Tumor Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Challenges and Opportunities for New Treatment Options
The prevalence of liver cancer is constantly rising, with increasing incidence and mortality in Europe and the USA in recent decades. Among the different subtypes of liver cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most commonly diagnosed liver cancer. Besides advances in diagnosis and promising...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8998420/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35409139 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073778 |
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author | Sas, Zuzanna Cendrowicz, Ewa Weinhäuser, Isabel Rygiel, Tomasz P. |
author_facet | Sas, Zuzanna Cendrowicz, Ewa Weinhäuser, Isabel Rygiel, Tomasz P. |
author_sort | Sas, Zuzanna |
collection | PubMed |
description | The prevalence of liver cancer is constantly rising, with increasing incidence and mortality in Europe and the USA in recent decades. Among the different subtypes of liver cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most commonly diagnosed liver cancer. Besides advances in diagnosis and promising results of pre-clinical studies, HCC remains a highly lethal disease. In many cases, HCC is an effect of chronic liver inflammation, which leads to the formation of a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) composed of immune and stromal cells. The TME of HCC patients is a challenge for therapies, as it is involved in metastasis and the development of resistance. However, given that the TME is an intricate system of immune and stromal cells interacting with cancer cells, new immune-based therapies are being developed to target the TME of HCC. Therefore, understanding the complexity of the TME in HCC will provide new possibilities to design novel and more effective immunotherapeutics and combinatorial therapies to overcome resistance to treatment. In this review, we describe the role of inflammation during the development and progression of HCC by focusing on TME. We also describe the most recent therapeutic advances for HCC and possible combinatorial treatment options. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8998420 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-89984202022-04-12 Tumor Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Challenges and Opportunities for New Treatment Options Sas, Zuzanna Cendrowicz, Ewa Weinhäuser, Isabel Rygiel, Tomasz P. Int J Mol Sci Review The prevalence of liver cancer is constantly rising, with increasing incidence and mortality in Europe and the USA in recent decades. Among the different subtypes of liver cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most commonly diagnosed liver cancer. Besides advances in diagnosis and promising results of pre-clinical studies, HCC remains a highly lethal disease. In many cases, HCC is an effect of chronic liver inflammation, which leads to the formation of a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) composed of immune and stromal cells. The TME of HCC patients is a challenge for therapies, as it is involved in metastasis and the development of resistance. However, given that the TME is an intricate system of immune and stromal cells interacting with cancer cells, new immune-based therapies are being developed to target the TME of HCC. Therefore, understanding the complexity of the TME in HCC will provide new possibilities to design novel and more effective immunotherapeutics and combinatorial therapies to overcome resistance to treatment. In this review, we describe the role of inflammation during the development and progression of HCC by focusing on TME. We also describe the most recent therapeutic advances for HCC and possible combinatorial treatment options. MDPI 2022-03-29 /pmc/articles/PMC8998420/ /pubmed/35409139 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073778 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Sas, Zuzanna Cendrowicz, Ewa Weinhäuser, Isabel Rygiel, Tomasz P. Tumor Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Challenges and Opportunities for New Treatment Options |
title | Tumor Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Challenges and Opportunities for New Treatment Options |
title_full | Tumor Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Challenges and Opportunities for New Treatment Options |
title_fullStr | Tumor Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Challenges and Opportunities for New Treatment Options |
title_full_unstemmed | Tumor Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Challenges and Opportunities for New Treatment Options |
title_short | Tumor Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Challenges and Opportunities for New Treatment Options |
title_sort | tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma: challenges and opportunities for new treatment options |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8998420/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35409139 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073778 |
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