GNSS Timing Performance Assessment and Results Analysis

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) timing is a main service function. Each GNSS has its own time performance specification. However, a uniform timing performance assessment methodology and its outcomes do not exist. Firstly, the timing performance specifications of each GNSS are analyzed. Then, time transfer accuracy is considered as the key GNSS timing performance indicator. Secondly, an assessment method for the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) published by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) and UTC kept by the National Time Service Center of China (UTC(NTSC)) is proposed. Thirdly, the uncertainty budget of the assessment method is given. The timing performances of BDS, GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo are assessed and compared. The results show that the time transfer accuracy of BDS, GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo was 13.8 ns, 4.5 ns, 16.8 ns, and 4.2 ns, respectively, in 2021, meeting their performance requirements specified by GNSS (30 ns or 40 ns). Meanwhile, the assessment results of GPS and Galileo are much better than requirements, while the assessment results of BDS and GLONASS show fixed time offset and can still be improved further. If the local reference time of GNSS users can be connected with UTC, this assessment method can be used.