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A Low-Latency Divider Design for Embedded Processors

Division is generally regarded as a low-frequency, high-latency operation in integer operations. Division is also the operation that stalls the processor pipeline most frequently. In order to improve the overall performance of embedded processors, a low-delay divider for embedded processors was desi...

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Autores principales: Wei, Xiaotong, Yang, Ying, Chen, Jie
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9003030/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35408086
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072471
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author Wei, Xiaotong
Yang, Ying
Chen, Jie
author_facet Wei, Xiaotong
Yang, Ying
Chen, Jie
author_sort Wei, Xiaotong
collection PubMed
description Division is generally regarded as a low-frequency, high-latency operation in integer operations. Division is also the operation that stalls the processor pipeline most frequently. In order to improve the overall performance of embedded processors, a low-delay divider for embedded processors was designed. Based on the non-restoring algorithm, the divider uses a compound adder to execute addition and subtraction simultaneously and reduces the iteration path delay. By shifting the operands to align the most effective bits, the divider dynamically adjusts the number of iteration cycles to reduce the average number of cycles in the division process. The divider design was simulated by Modelsim and implemented on a FPGA board for verification. Synthesized in a Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC) 65 nm Low Leakage process, the achieved frequency of the design was up to 500 MHz and the area cost was 5670.36 μm(2). Compared with other dividers, the proposed divider design can reduce the delay of single iteration by up to 45.3%, save the average number of iteration cycles by 20–50%, and save the area by 23.3–86.1%. Compared with other dividers implemented on FPGA, it saves LUTs by 36.47–59.6% and FFs by 67–84.28%, runs 2–6.36 times faster. Therefore, the proposed design is suitable for embedded processors that require low power consumption, low resource consumption, and high performance.
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spelling pubmed-90030302022-04-13 A Low-Latency Divider Design for Embedded Processors Wei, Xiaotong Yang, Ying Chen, Jie Sensors (Basel) Article Division is generally regarded as a low-frequency, high-latency operation in integer operations. Division is also the operation that stalls the processor pipeline most frequently. In order to improve the overall performance of embedded processors, a low-delay divider for embedded processors was designed. Based on the non-restoring algorithm, the divider uses a compound adder to execute addition and subtraction simultaneously and reduces the iteration path delay. By shifting the operands to align the most effective bits, the divider dynamically adjusts the number of iteration cycles to reduce the average number of cycles in the division process. The divider design was simulated by Modelsim and implemented on a FPGA board for verification. Synthesized in a Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC) 65 nm Low Leakage process, the achieved frequency of the design was up to 500 MHz and the area cost was 5670.36 μm(2). Compared with other dividers, the proposed divider design can reduce the delay of single iteration by up to 45.3%, save the average number of iteration cycles by 20–50%, and save the area by 23.3–86.1%. Compared with other dividers implemented on FPGA, it saves LUTs by 36.47–59.6% and FFs by 67–84.28%, runs 2–6.36 times faster. Therefore, the proposed design is suitable for embedded processors that require low power consumption, low resource consumption, and high performance. MDPI 2022-03-23 /pmc/articles/PMC9003030/ /pubmed/35408086 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072471 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Wei, Xiaotong
Yang, Ying
Chen, Jie
A Low-Latency Divider Design for Embedded Processors
title A Low-Latency Divider Design for Embedded Processors
title_full A Low-Latency Divider Design for Embedded Processors
title_fullStr A Low-Latency Divider Design for Embedded Processors
title_full_unstemmed A Low-Latency Divider Design for Embedded Processors
title_short A Low-Latency Divider Design for Embedded Processors
title_sort low-latency divider design for embedded processors
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9003030/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35408086
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072471
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