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Review of Recent Bio-Inspired Design and Manufacturing of Whisker Tactile Sensors

Whisker sensors are a class of tactile sensors that have recently attracted attention. Inspired by mammals’ whiskers known as mystacial vibrissae, they have displayed tremendous potential in a variety of applications e.g., robotics, underwater vehicles, minimally invasive surgeries, and leak detecti...

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Autores principales: Sayegh, Mohamad-Ammar, Daraghma, Hammam, Mekid, Samir, Bashmal, Salem
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9003453/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35408319
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072705
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author Sayegh, Mohamad-Ammar
Daraghma, Hammam
Mekid, Samir
Bashmal, Salem
author_facet Sayegh, Mohamad-Ammar
Daraghma, Hammam
Mekid, Samir
Bashmal, Salem
author_sort Sayegh, Mohamad-Ammar
collection PubMed
description Whisker sensors are a class of tactile sensors that have recently attracted attention. Inspired by mammals’ whiskers known as mystacial vibrissae, they have displayed tremendous potential in a variety of applications e.g., robotics, underwater vehicles, minimally invasive surgeries, and leak detection. This paper provides a supplement to the recent tactile sensing techniques’ designs of whiskers that only sense at their base, as well as the materials employed, and manufacturing techniques. The article delves into the technical specifications of these sensors, such as the resolution, measurement range, sensitivity, durability, and recovery time, which determine their performance. The sensors’ sensitivity varies depending on the measured physical quantity; for example, the pressure sensors had an intermediate sensitivity of 58%/Pa and a response time of around 90 ms, whereas the force sensors that function based on piezoelectric effects exhibited good linearity in the measurements with a resolution of 3 µN and sensitivity of 0.1682 mV/µN. Some sensors were used to perform spatial mapping and the identification of the geometry and roughness of objects with a reported resolution of 25 nm. The durability and recovery time showed a wide range of values, with the maximum durability being 10,000 cycles and the shortest recovery time being 5 ms. Furthermore, the paper examines the fabrication of whiskers at the micro- and nanoscales, as well as their contributions to mechanical and thermal behavior. The commonly used manufacturing techniques of 3D printing, PDMS casting, and screen printing were used in addition to several micro and nanofabrication techniques such as photolithography, etching, and chemical vapor deposition. Lastly, the paper discusses the main potential applications of these sensors and potential research gaps in this field. In particular, the operation of whisker sensors under high temperatures or high pressure requires further investigation, as does the design of sensors to explore larger topologies.
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spelling pubmed-90034532022-04-13 Review of Recent Bio-Inspired Design and Manufacturing of Whisker Tactile Sensors Sayegh, Mohamad-Ammar Daraghma, Hammam Mekid, Samir Bashmal, Salem Sensors (Basel) Review Whisker sensors are a class of tactile sensors that have recently attracted attention. Inspired by mammals’ whiskers known as mystacial vibrissae, they have displayed tremendous potential in a variety of applications e.g., robotics, underwater vehicles, minimally invasive surgeries, and leak detection. This paper provides a supplement to the recent tactile sensing techniques’ designs of whiskers that only sense at their base, as well as the materials employed, and manufacturing techniques. The article delves into the technical specifications of these sensors, such as the resolution, measurement range, sensitivity, durability, and recovery time, which determine their performance. The sensors’ sensitivity varies depending on the measured physical quantity; for example, the pressure sensors had an intermediate sensitivity of 58%/Pa and a response time of around 90 ms, whereas the force sensors that function based on piezoelectric effects exhibited good linearity in the measurements with a resolution of 3 µN and sensitivity of 0.1682 mV/µN. Some sensors were used to perform spatial mapping and the identification of the geometry and roughness of objects with a reported resolution of 25 nm. The durability and recovery time showed a wide range of values, with the maximum durability being 10,000 cycles and the shortest recovery time being 5 ms. Furthermore, the paper examines the fabrication of whiskers at the micro- and nanoscales, as well as their contributions to mechanical and thermal behavior. The commonly used manufacturing techniques of 3D printing, PDMS casting, and screen printing were used in addition to several micro and nanofabrication techniques such as photolithography, etching, and chemical vapor deposition. Lastly, the paper discusses the main potential applications of these sensors and potential research gaps in this field. In particular, the operation of whisker sensors under high temperatures or high pressure requires further investigation, as does the design of sensors to explore larger topologies. MDPI 2022-04-01 /pmc/articles/PMC9003453/ /pubmed/35408319 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072705 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Sayegh, Mohamad-Ammar
Daraghma, Hammam
Mekid, Samir
Bashmal, Salem
Review of Recent Bio-Inspired Design and Manufacturing of Whisker Tactile Sensors
title Review of Recent Bio-Inspired Design and Manufacturing of Whisker Tactile Sensors
title_full Review of Recent Bio-Inspired Design and Manufacturing of Whisker Tactile Sensors
title_fullStr Review of Recent Bio-Inspired Design and Manufacturing of Whisker Tactile Sensors
title_full_unstemmed Review of Recent Bio-Inspired Design and Manufacturing of Whisker Tactile Sensors
title_short Review of Recent Bio-Inspired Design and Manufacturing of Whisker Tactile Sensors
title_sort review of recent bio-inspired design and manufacturing of whisker tactile sensors
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9003453/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35408319
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072705
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