Prediction of Pregnancy Complications With Maternal Biochemical Markers Used in Down Syndrome Screening

Objective: To determine whether first- and second-trimester maternal serum biomarkers are useful for the prediction of pregnancy complications like preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and macrosomia. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 353 women having first- or second-trimester combined test for Down syndrome screening who delivered at our institution between January 2018 and December 2020. Associations between first- and second-trimester serum markers and adverse pregnancy outcomes among those who underwent prenatal screening for Down syndrome in our clinic were studied. The adverse pregnancy outcomes, serum levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), and maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (ms-AFP) were recorded and analyzed. Correlation analyses of PAPP-A, free βhCG, and ms-AFP with pregnancy outcomes were studied. We sought to predict the risks of preterm delivery (PTD, <37 weeks gestational age), low birth weight (LBW, <2500 grams) and macrosomia (>4000 grams). Results: A total of 353 women who had first- and second-trimester screening test for Down syndrome were included. Two hundred fifty (70.08%) of them had first-trimester and 103 (41.2%) had second-trimester test. Mean age of the patients who underwent screening test for Down syndrome was 29.3±5.9, mean maternal weight was 67.3±13.6, mean gestational weeks at birth was 38.6±2.1 weeks and mean birth weight was 3260.9±511.1, preterm birth rate was 40/353 (11.3%), IUGR rate was 21/353 (5.9%), macrosomia rate was 17/353 (4.8%), stillbirth rate was 3/353 (0.8%). When laboratory and clinical parameters affecting birth weight and birth weeks were analysed in correlation analysis, both birth week and birth weight were found to be positively correlated with maternal weight. Of first-trimester markers Papp-A MoM (Multiples of Median) was found to be positively correlated with fetal birth weight (p = 0.044). Of second-trimester biochemical parameters ms-AFP was found to be negatively correlated with fetal birth weight (p = 0.039). Conclusion: The study concluded that there is a relationship between serum markers and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Significant associations were found between the levels of first- and second-trimester serum markers PAPP-A, AFP and IUGR, macromia and additionally significant association was found between maternal weight and both delivery week and fetal weight. These results can highlight the pregnancies at risk and follow-up intervals may be arranged according to risk scala which may help at antenatal follow-up of high-risk patients.