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Health risks to children from exposure to fecally-contaminated recreational water
BACKGROUND: Children may be at higher risk for swimming-associated illness following exposure to fecally-contaminated recreational waters. We analyzed a pooled data set of over 80,000 beachgoers from 13 beach sites across the United States to compare risks associated with the fecal indicator bacteri...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9004770/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35413082 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266749 |
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author | Wade, Timothy J. Arnold, Benjamin F. Schiff, Ken Colford, John M. Weisberg, Stephen B. Griffith, John F. Dufour, Alfred P. |
author_facet | Wade, Timothy J. Arnold, Benjamin F. Schiff, Ken Colford, John M. Weisberg, Stephen B. Griffith, John F. Dufour, Alfred P. |
author_sort | Wade, Timothy J. |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Children may be at higher risk for swimming-associated illness following exposure to fecally-contaminated recreational waters. We analyzed a pooled data set of over 80,000 beachgoers from 13 beach sites across the United States to compare risks associated with the fecal indicator bacteria Enterococcus spp. (measured by colony forming units, CFU and quantitative polymerase chain reaction cell equivalents, qPCR CE) for different age groups across different exposures, sites and health endpoints. METHODS: Sites were categorized according to the predominant type of fecal contamination (human or non-human). Swimming exposures of varying intensity were considered according to degree of contact and time spent in the water. Health endpoints included gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms and skin rashes. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the risk of illness as a function of fecal contamination in water as measured by Enterococcus spp. among the exposed groups. Non-swimmers (those who did not enter the water) were excluded from the models to reduce bias and facilitate comparison across groups. RESULTS: Gastrointestinal symptoms were the most sensitive health endpoint and strongest associations were observed with Enterococcus qPCR CE at sites impacted by human fecal contamination. Under several exposure scenarios, associations between illness and Enterococcus spp. levels were significantly higher among children compared to adolescents and adults. Respiratory symptoms were also associated with Enterococcus spp. exposures among young children at sites affected by human fecal sources, although small sample sizes resulted in imprecise estimates for these associations. CONCLUSION: Under many exposure scenarios, children were at higher risk of illness associated with exposure to fecal contamination as measured by the indicator bacteria Enterococcus spp. The source of fecal contamination and the intensity of swimming exposure were also important factors affecting the association between Enterococcus spp. and swimming-associated illness. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9004770 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-90047702022-04-13 Health risks to children from exposure to fecally-contaminated recreational water Wade, Timothy J. Arnold, Benjamin F. Schiff, Ken Colford, John M. Weisberg, Stephen B. Griffith, John F. Dufour, Alfred P. PLoS One Research Article BACKGROUND: Children may be at higher risk for swimming-associated illness following exposure to fecally-contaminated recreational waters. We analyzed a pooled data set of over 80,000 beachgoers from 13 beach sites across the United States to compare risks associated with the fecal indicator bacteria Enterococcus spp. (measured by colony forming units, CFU and quantitative polymerase chain reaction cell equivalents, qPCR CE) for different age groups across different exposures, sites and health endpoints. METHODS: Sites were categorized according to the predominant type of fecal contamination (human or non-human). Swimming exposures of varying intensity were considered according to degree of contact and time spent in the water. Health endpoints included gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms and skin rashes. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the risk of illness as a function of fecal contamination in water as measured by Enterococcus spp. among the exposed groups. Non-swimmers (those who did not enter the water) were excluded from the models to reduce bias and facilitate comparison across groups. RESULTS: Gastrointestinal symptoms were the most sensitive health endpoint and strongest associations were observed with Enterococcus qPCR CE at sites impacted by human fecal contamination. Under several exposure scenarios, associations between illness and Enterococcus spp. levels were significantly higher among children compared to adolescents and adults. Respiratory symptoms were also associated with Enterococcus spp. exposures among young children at sites affected by human fecal sources, although small sample sizes resulted in imprecise estimates for these associations. CONCLUSION: Under many exposure scenarios, children were at higher risk of illness associated with exposure to fecal contamination as measured by the indicator bacteria Enterococcus spp. The source of fecal contamination and the intensity of swimming exposure were also important factors affecting the association between Enterococcus spp. and swimming-associated illness. Public Library of Science 2022-04-12 /pmc/articles/PMC9004770/ /pubmed/35413082 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266749 Text en https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) public domain dedication. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Wade, Timothy J. Arnold, Benjamin F. Schiff, Ken Colford, John M. Weisberg, Stephen B. Griffith, John F. Dufour, Alfred P. Health risks to children from exposure to fecally-contaminated recreational water |
title | Health risks to children from exposure to fecally-contaminated recreational water |
title_full | Health risks to children from exposure to fecally-contaminated recreational water |
title_fullStr | Health risks to children from exposure to fecally-contaminated recreational water |
title_full_unstemmed | Health risks to children from exposure to fecally-contaminated recreational water |
title_short | Health risks to children from exposure to fecally-contaminated recreational water |
title_sort | health risks to children from exposure to fecally-contaminated recreational water |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9004770/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35413082 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266749 |
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