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Emergence of Extreme Paw Accelerations During Cat Paw Shaking: Interactions of Spinal Central Pattern Generator, Hindlimb Mechanics and Muscle Length-Depended Feedback

Cat paw shaking is a spinal reflex for removing an irritating stimulus from paw by developing extremely high paw accelerations. Previous studies of paw shaking revealed a proximal-to-distal gradient of hindlimb segmental velocities/accelerations, as well as complex inter-joint coordination: passive...

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Autores principales: Prilutsky, Boris I., Parker, Jessica, Cymbalyuk, Gennady S., Klishko, Alexander N.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9007247/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35431821
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2022.810139
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author Prilutsky, Boris I.
Parker, Jessica
Cymbalyuk, Gennady S.
Klishko, Alexander N.
author_facet Prilutsky, Boris I.
Parker, Jessica
Cymbalyuk, Gennady S.
Klishko, Alexander N.
author_sort Prilutsky, Boris I.
collection PubMed
description Cat paw shaking is a spinal reflex for removing an irritating stimulus from paw by developing extremely high paw accelerations. Previous studies of paw shaking revealed a proximal-to-distal gradient of hindlimb segmental velocities/accelerations, as well as complex inter-joint coordination: passive motion-dependent interaction moments acting on distal segments are opposed by distal muscle moments. However, mechanisms of developing extreme paw accelerations during paw shaking remain unknown. We hypothesized that paw-shaking mechanics and muscle activity might correspond to a whip-like mechanism of energy generation and transfer along the hindlimb. We first demonstrated in experiments with five intact, adult, female cats that during paw shaking, energy generated by proximal muscle moments was transmitted to distal segments by joint forces. This energy transfer was mostly responsible for the segmental velocity/acceleration proximal-to-distal gradient. Distal muscle moments mostly absorbed energy of the distal segments. We then developed a neuromechanical model of hindlimb paw shaking comprised a half-center CPG, activating hip flexors and extensors, and passive viscoelastic distal muscles that produced length/velocity-depended force. Simulations reproduced whip-like mechanisms found experimentally: the proximal-to-distal velocity/acceleration gradient, energy transfer by joint forces and energy absorption by distal muscle moments, as well as atypical co-activation of ankle and hip flexors with knee extensors. Manipulating model parameters, including reversal of segmental inertia distal-to-proximal gradient, demonstrated important inertia contribution to developing the segmental velocity/acceleration proximal-to-distal gradient. We concluded that extreme paw accelerations during paw shaking result from interactions between a spinal CPG, hindlimb segmental inertia, and muscle length/velocity-depended feedback that tunes limb viscoelastic properties.
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spelling pubmed-90072472022-04-14 Emergence of Extreme Paw Accelerations During Cat Paw Shaking: Interactions of Spinal Central Pattern Generator, Hindlimb Mechanics and Muscle Length-Depended Feedback Prilutsky, Boris I. Parker, Jessica Cymbalyuk, Gennady S. Klishko, Alexander N. Front Integr Neurosci Neuroscience Cat paw shaking is a spinal reflex for removing an irritating stimulus from paw by developing extremely high paw accelerations. Previous studies of paw shaking revealed a proximal-to-distal gradient of hindlimb segmental velocities/accelerations, as well as complex inter-joint coordination: passive motion-dependent interaction moments acting on distal segments are opposed by distal muscle moments. However, mechanisms of developing extreme paw accelerations during paw shaking remain unknown. We hypothesized that paw-shaking mechanics and muscle activity might correspond to a whip-like mechanism of energy generation and transfer along the hindlimb. We first demonstrated in experiments with five intact, adult, female cats that during paw shaking, energy generated by proximal muscle moments was transmitted to distal segments by joint forces. This energy transfer was mostly responsible for the segmental velocity/acceleration proximal-to-distal gradient. Distal muscle moments mostly absorbed energy of the distal segments. We then developed a neuromechanical model of hindlimb paw shaking comprised a half-center CPG, activating hip flexors and extensors, and passive viscoelastic distal muscles that produced length/velocity-depended force. Simulations reproduced whip-like mechanisms found experimentally: the proximal-to-distal velocity/acceleration gradient, energy transfer by joint forces and energy absorption by distal muscle moments, as well as atypical co-activation of ankle and hip flexors with knee extensors. Manipulating model parameters, including reversal of segmental inertia distal-to-proximal gradient, demonstrated important inertia contribution to developing the segmental velocity/acceleration proximal-to-distal gradient. We concluded that extreme paw accelerations during paw shaking result from interactions between a spinal CPG, hindlimb segmental inertia, and muscle length/velocity-depended feedback that tunes limb viscoelastic properties. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-03-30 /pmc/articles/PMC9007247/ /pubmed/35431821 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2022.810139 Text en Copyright © 2022 Prilutsky, Parker, Cymbalyuk and Klishko. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Neuroscience
Prilutsky, Boris I.
Parker, Jessica
Cymbalyuk, Gennady S.
Klishko, Alexander N.
Emergence of Extreme Paw Accelerations During Cat Paw Shaking: Interactions of Spinal Central Pattern Generator, Hindlimb Mechanics and Muscle Length-Depended Feedback
title Emergence of Extreme Paw Accelerations During Cat Paw Shaking: Interactions of Spinal Central Pattern Generator, Hindlimb Mechanics and Muscle Length-Depended Feedback
title_full Emergence of Extreme Paw Accelerations During Cat Paw Shaking: Interactions of Spinal Central Pattern Generator, Hindlimb Mechanics and Muscle Length-Depended Feedback
title_fullStr Emergence of Extreme Paw Accelerations During Cat Paw Shaking: Interactions of Spinal Central Pattern Generator, Hindlimb Mechanics and Muscle Length-Depended Feedback
title_full_unstemmed Emergence of Extreme Paw Accelerations During Cat Paw Shaking: Interactions of Spinal Central Pattern Generator, Hindlimb Mechanics and Muscle Length-Depended Feedback
title_short Emergence of Extreme Paw Accelerations During Cat Paw Shaking: Interactions of Spinal Central Pattern Generator, Hindlimb Mechanics and Muscle Length-Depended Feedback
title_sort emergence of extreme paw accelerations during cat paw shaking: interactions of spinal central pattern generator, hindlimb mechanics and muscle length-depended feedback
topic Neuroscience
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9007247/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35431821
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2022.810139
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