Metal–organic frameworks and their composites for fuel and chemical production via CO(2) conversion and water splitting

Increase in the global energy demand has been leading to major energy crises in recent years. The use of excess fossil fuels for energy production is causing severe global warming, as well as energy shortage. To overcome the global energy crisis, the design of various chemical structures as efficient models for the generation of renewable energy fuels is very much crucial, and will limit the use of fossil fuels. Current challenges involve the design of Metal–Organic Framework (MOF) materials for this purpose to diminish the energy shortage. The large surface area, tunable pore environment, unique structural property and semiconducting nature of the highly porous MOF materials enhance their potential applications towards the production of enhanced energy fuels. This review is focused on the architecture of MOFs and their composites for fuels and essential chemicals production like hydrogen, methane, ethanol, methanol, acetic acid, and carbon monoxide, which can be used as renewable fuel energy sources to limit the use of fossil fuels, thereby reducing global warming.