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Long-term commuting times and air quality relationship to COVID-19 in São Paulo

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is an unprecedented global health crisis and the effects may be related to environmental and socio-economic factors. In São Paulo, Brazil, the first death occurred in March 2020 and since then the numbers have grown to 175 new deaths per day in April...

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Autores principales: Pérez-Martínez, P.J., Dunck, J.A., de Assunção, J.V., Connerton, P., Slovic, A.D., Ribeiro, H., Miranda, R.M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Elsevier Ltd. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9010305/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35440861
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2022.103349
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author Pérez-Martínez, P.J.
Dunck, J.A.
de Assunção, J.V.
Connerton, P.
Slovic, A.D.
Ribeiro, H.
Miranda, R.M.
author_facet Pérez-Martínez, P.J.
Dunck, J.A.
de Assunção, J.V.
Connerton, P.
Slovic, A.D.
Ribeiro, H.
Miranda, R.M.
author_sort Pérez-Martínez, P.J.
collection PubMed
description The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is an unprecedented global health crisis and the effects may be related to environmental and socio-economic factors. In São Paulo, Brazil, the first death occurred in March 2020 and since then the numbers have grown to 175 new deaths per day in April 2021, positioning the city as the epicenter of the number of cases and deaths in Brazil. São Paulo is one of the largest cities in the world with more than 12 million inhabitants, a fleet of about 8 million vehicles and frequent pollutant concentrations above recommended values. Social inequalities are evident in the municipality, similarly to other cities in the world. This paper focuses on transportation activities related to air pollution and associated with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases especially on people who developed comorbidities during their whole life. This study relates travel trip data to air quality analysis and expanded to COVID-19 disease. This work studied the relationship of deaths in São Paulo due to COVID-19 with demographic density, with family income, with the use of public transport and with atmospheric pollution for the period between March 17th, 2020 and April 29th, 2021. The main results showed that generally passenger kilometers traveled, commuting times and air quality related diseases increase with residential distance from the city center, and thus, with decreasing residential density. PM(2.5) concentrations are positively correlated with COVID-19 deaths, regions with high urban densities have higher numbers of deaths and long-distance frequent trips can contribute to spread of the disease.
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spelling pubmed-90103052022-04-15 Long-term commuting times and air quality relationship to COVID-19 in São Paulo Pérez-Martínez, P.J. Dunck, J.A. de Assunção, J.V. Connerton, P. Slovic, A.D. Ribeiro, H. Miranda, R.M. J Transp Geogr Article The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is an unprecedented global health crisis and the effects may be related to environmental and socio-economic factors. In São Paulo, Brazil, the first death occurred in March 2020 and since then the numbers have grown to 175 new deaths per day in April 2021, positioning the city as the epicenter of the number of cases and deaths in Brazil. São Paulo is one of the largest cities in the world with more than 12 million inhabitants, a fleet of about 8 million vehicles and frequent pollutant concentrations above recommended values. Social inequalities are evident in the municipality, similarly to other cities in the world. This paper focuses on transportation activities related to air pollution and associated with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases especially on people who developed comorbidities during their whole life. This study relates travel trip data to air quality analysis and expanded to COVID-19 disease. This work studied the relationship of deaths in São Paulo due to COVID-19 with demographic density, with family income, with the use of public transport and with atmospheric pollution for the period between March 17th, 2020 and April 29th, 2021. The main results showed that generally passenger kilometers traveled, commuting times and air quality related diseases increase with residential distance from the city center, and thus, with decreasing residential density. PM(2.5) concentrations are positively correlated with COVID-19 deaths, regions with high urban densities have higher numbers of deaths and long-distance frequent trips can contribute to spread of the disease. Elsevier Ltd. 2022-05 2022-04-15 /pmc/articles/PMC9010305/ /pubmed/35440861 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2022.103349 Text en © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.
spellingShingle Article
Pérez-Martínez, P.J.
Dunck, J.A.
de Assunção, J.V.
Connerton, P.
Slovic, A.D.
Ribeiro, H.
Miranda, R.M.
Long-term commuting times and air quality relationship to COVID-19 in São Paulo
title Long-term commuting times and air quality relationship to COVID-19 in São Paulo
title_full Long-term commuting times and air quality relationship to COVID-19 in São Paulo
title_fullStr Long-term commuting times and air quality relationship to COVID-19 in São Paulo
title_full_unstemmed Long-term commuting times and air quality relationship to COVID-19 in São Paulo
title_short Long-term commuting times and air quality relationship to COVID-19 in São Paulo
title_sort long-term commuting times and air quality relationship to covid-19 in são paulo
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9010305/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35440861
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2022.103349
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