Effect of different surgical methods in the mouse embryo transfer: Electrosurgery versus cold surgical technique effects on repeated use of surrogate mothers, pregnancy rate and post-surgical behavior

Using the cold surgical technique (CST) is the most common practice to accomplish embryo transfer (ET). However, it can lead to uncontrolled bleeding and mortality in laboratory animals. Electrosurgery technique (EST) has provided the opportunity to prevent such complications. This study was aimed to evaluate CST versus EST in terms of repeated use of surrogate mothers, litter size, implantation rate and post-surgical behavior. Virgin female NMRI mice were allocated into two different surgical groups (n = 40): 1) CST-ET (control) and 2) EST-ET. Results showed that the first ET in EST-ET and CST-ET groups did not affect litter size, pregnancy rate and survival of surrogate mothers. Following the second and the third ETs, litter size was significantly affected through CST compared to EST, pregnancy rate and survival of surrogate mothers. Litter size, pregnancy rate and surrogate mothers survival rate did not show any significant reduction following the first and the second ETs in EST group. On the other hand, the third ET showed dramatic reduction for all aforementioned parameters regardless of the chosen surgical method for ET. Mice in EST-ET group did not show any significant change in their behavior indicating reduced well-being during the first 24 hr following the first, the second and the third ETs compared to CST-ET group. In conclusion, using EST for ET in mouse made it feasible to reuse surrogate mothers with minimum animal mortality; this could be pivotal with regard to reproductive and animal welfare aspects and research costs. Also, the results indicated that bleeding has severe diverse effects on ET efficiency.