Real-time monitoring of immediate drug response and adaptation upon repeated treatment in a microfluidic chip system

Microfluidic tissue culture and organ-on-a-chip models provide efficient tools for drug testing in vivo and are considered to become the basis of in vitro test systems to analyze drug response, drug interactions and toxicity to complement and reduce animal testing. A major limitation is the efficient recording of drug action. Here we present an efficient experimental setup that allows long-term cultivation of cells in a microfluidic system in combination with continuous recording of luciferase reporter gene expression. The system combines a sensitive cooled luminescence camera system in combination with a custom build miniaturized incubation chamber. The setup allows to monitor time-dependent activation, but also the end of drug response. Repeated activation and recovery as well as varying durations of drug treatment periods can be monitored, and different modes of drug activity can be visualized. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00204-022-03272-8.